Project Management for Critical Path Method - myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theProject Management for Critical Path Method. Answer: Venture Management is one of the significant methodology for overseeing various kinds of task in viable way. It assumes significant job in creating venture plans and demonstrating relationship among various exercises in viable way (Nicholas and Steyn, 2017). The momentum research venture depends on an undertaking where Victoria Construction Pty Ltd has been wanted to build up a framework for natural checking and gathering information and set up an information base administration in the administrative center. This undertaking will take 88.4 weeks to finish. Start date is first June 2016 and Finish date is eighth February 2018. Consequently, it will be a major and extremely long undertaking for the association (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016). Venture administrator can utilize various strategies and procedures for assessing the all out span of the undertaking (Chevrier, 2016). Basic Path Method is outstanding amongst other approach to appraise the venture time. It helps in finding the base span and longest way of the undertaking. Along these lines, according to the MS venture figuring basic way of this undertaking is 88.4 weeks (Turner, 2016). Basic way count is as per the following: Basic Path Activities Basic Duration 2-9-10-25-26-29-43-44-47-49-50-48-45-46-60-68-69-70-71-72-75-76-77-78-79-80-82 88.4 weeks Yearly occasions make contrast to the furthest limit of the date of the task around 5 days in light of the fact that inside the occasion time basic movement happen to finish. In this way, changes in the span of basic movement drives changes in the length of entire venture (Kerzner, 2017). In the event that venture director requires to lessen the all out time by 3 weeks, at that point I will target just those errands which are remembered for the basic way since changes in these assignments will diminish the complete time. I will decrease the hour of basic errand by which all out time will lessen by 3 weeks. Generally speaking, changes in basic way may change the entire task length. In this manner, utilizing the various methods of the task the executives, venture chief can finish the entire undertaking according to the evaluated time and cost (Martinelli and Milosevic, 2016). References Chevrier, S. (2016). A Tough Day for a French Expatriate in Vietnam: The Management of a Large International Infrastructure Project.Intercultural Management: A Case-Based Approach to Achieving Complementarity and Synergy, 228. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned worth task the board. Task Management Institute. Kerzner, H. (2017).Project administration measurements, KPIs, and dashboards: a manual for estimating and checking venture execution. John Wiley Sons. Martinelli, R. J., Milosevic, D. Z. (2016).Project administration tool stash: devices and methods for the rehearsing venture administrator. John Wiley Sons. Nicholas, J. M., Steyn, H. (2017).Project administration for designing, business and innovation. Taylor Francis. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of undertaking the board. Routledge.

Illiegal immigrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Illiegal settler - Essay Example In that capacity, the monetary development and appropriation of standardized savings are the essential variables which will be utilized to help this view. The Pew Research Hispanic Trends anticipated that there are around 8.4 million undocumented specialists in America (Passel et al 2011). When contrasted with the absolute American work power, they speak to just 5.2 %. Therefore, illicit foreigners structure a huge piece of the American work power. In recognizing the hugeness of illicit foreigners in America, Susan Combs (Texas controller) suggested that the unlawful migrants make up about 6.3 % of the Texas workforce. In that capacity, an exit of the undocumented specialists would diminish the gross state result of Texas by about 2.1 %. Also, a few pieces of the American economy rely totally upon the work gave by the unlawful migrants. Truth be told, the US branch of horticulture and the United States division of work express that unlawful settlers are exceptionally gainful to the American economy. The greater part of laborers utilized in the farming business in America are unlawful migrants, for the most part from Mexico. The branch of work cited their figure to be about 53% while the worker's organizations put the rate at 70. Despite the fact that advocates of migration change contend that a flood of illicit foreigners diminishes the quantity of occupations accessible for Native Americans, inquire about has demonstrated that a large portion of these workers are incompetent. Accordingly, they keep an eye on just influence a little level of Native Americans who are school dropouts and without any aptitudes. Along these lines, the contention that unlawful outsiders are assuming control over employments implied for American residents isn't accurate. Then again, if these unlawful settlers were to be removed from the United States, there would be an intense work deficiency in America. This feeling was resounded by the USDA and the branch of work. A great deal of

Understanding the Basics of Alcoholism

Understanding the Basics of Alcoholism Addiction Alcohol Use Print Understanding the Basics of Alcoholism By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on May 02, 2019 MakiEnis photo / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The term alcoholism  refers to a disease known as alcohol dependence syndrome, the most severe stage of a group of drinking problems which begins with binge drinking and alcohol abuse. Types of Alcohol Problems Alcohol problems occur at different levels of severity, from mild and annoying to life-threatening. Although alcohol dependence (alcoholism) is the most severe stage, less severe drinking problems can also be dangerous. Learn more about the different types. Binge Drinking Officially, binge drinking means having five or more drinks in one session for men and four or more for women. Another informal definition for binge drinking is simply drinking to get drunk, although this usage is not clinically specific. Binge drinking is the most common drinking problem for young people under the age of 21. Alcohol Abuse Binge drinking turns into alcohol abuse when your drinking begins to cause problems in your daily life and the drinking continues anywayâ€"in other words, alcohol abuse is when you continue  to drink in spite of continued social, interpersonal, or legal difficulties. Alcohol abuse can result in missing time at school or work, neglecting child or household responsibilities or incurring legal problems including lawsuits from unpaid bills or criminal prosecution for public intoxication, drunk driving, or domestic violence. Because alcohol impairs your judgment, youre more likely to do something stupid under the influence of alcohol than if you were stone-cold sober. Alcohol abuse means your ratio of drunk to sober starts to tip into strongly unfavorable territory. Alcohol Dependence Alcohol abuse becomes alcohol dependence when drinkers begin to experience a craving for alcohol, a loss of control of their drinking, withdrawal symptoms when they are not drinking and an increased tolerance to alcohol so that they have to drink more to achieve the same effect. Alcohol dependence is a chronic and often progressive disease that includes a strong need to drink despite repeated problems. Is Alcoholism Inherited? Alcoholism tends to run in families and a significant amount of scientific research suggests that genetics play a role in developing alcohol problems. But research also shows that a persons environment and peer influences also affect your risk of becoming alcohol dependent. Just having a family history of alcoholism does not doom a person into becoming an alcoholic. Getting Help Alcoholism is a serious condition but if you or someone you love is affected by it, seek help. Your primary care doctor or a public health nurse can help steer you in the right direction, or you can visit an open meeting of a 12-step program like Alcoholics Anonymous.

Essay on Images Of Control Propaganda - 2644 Words

One of the greatest revolutions in the twentieth century was not political in nature. It however aided in many different political revolutions. This revolution was the communications revolution. The twentieth century has experienced one of the greatest changes in mean of communication including technologies such as radio, television, motion pictures, advanced telecommunications and the Internet. These technologies have been used to fulfill the purposes of many. Some who wished to use this technology to influence other people. A term commonly used to describe the use of media to convince or persuade other people of a certain idea or cause is propaganda. Political leaders often use techniques of propaganda, as the goal of politicians is to†¦show more content†¦High unattainably high all Horst Wessels stand about Jesus!†(Welch, 1983, p. 75) A film that was produced in Germany, in 1933, by the Nazis also glorifies this hero. The film is called Hans Westmar: Einer Von Viele n (Hans Westmar: One of Many). The film was renamed because Goebbels believed the film was not worthy of a hero such as Horst Wessel (Welch, 1983, p. 77). The film does however succeed in glorifying the Nazi party and particularly the SA and their struggle against the Communists in Germany at the time. In having the character Hans Westmar murdered by Communists; the film creates sympathy for the SA who are viewed as heroes. It also creates a negative view of the Jews and Communists, especially Communist Jews, as the hero Westmar is of course murdered by Communists. The film also attempts to initiate a movement to carry on the work of Hans Westmar (the SA) in order to rid Germany of the Communist Jew (Welch, 1983, p. 80). This film uses a well-honored hero of the National Socialist movement to promote other causes of the party; namely anti-Semitism and anti-Communism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Soviet Union also had its heroes to promote. One of the most important heroes in the USSR was the worker, who was always a key element in Bolshevik ideology. In creating an icon out of the worker the Bolshevik leadersShow MoreRelatedUse Of Propaganda During World War II1719 Words   |  7 PagesPaul Klene Professor Brain Stokes History 122 6 December 2015 The Use and Impact of Propaganda during World War II The second most devastating global conflict, also known as World War II, left over 60 million dead creating panic and fear for citizens all over the world. During these hard times the citizens, dealing with a national crisis, needed something to give them hope that there will be betters days. Propaganda was used in political cartoons to release information that contained biased viewsRead More Media Use of Stereotypes Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagessee who is right and who is wrong, and mass media is the main source of manipulating ones mind. The concept of propaganda has changed over time. Propagandists create ideas stereotypically through the use of propaganda and use media to promote it and target peoples minds to have influence on their views towards a certain group of people. These ideas create negative or positive images in the intended audiences minds. However, it is notable that the information is only the one that is exemplifiedRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1 651 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernments in World Geography class and I was particularly interested with this topic. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four perfectly fits my interest since it’s about governments and propagandas. As a result, I chose my research question to be: â€Å"How and why does the Party use propaganda? How does this compare to some of the modern propagandas used across the world during not only World War II but during current times as well?†. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian fiction novel written by George OrwellRead MoreNazi Propagand How The Nazi Party Used Propaganda Images And Rhetorical Strategies During The Second Reich1733 Words   |  7 PagesThis analysis of Nazi propaganda will examine how the Nazi Party used propaganda images and rhetorical strategies during the â€Å"Third Reich†. I will examine the propaganda cartoons titled, â€Å"The Rhine and the Ruhr†, â€Å"The Vampire in the Ruhr Area† and â€Å"Jewish Conspiracy Against Europe†. I will use two quotations from Burkes essays, the first being, â€Å"[†¦] whereby the â€Å"Aryan† is elevated above all others by the innate endowment of his blood, while other â€Å"races† in particular Jews and Negroes, are innatelyRead MoreEssay On Big Brother Control In 1984814 Words   |  4 PagesWinston has a love affair with a girl named Julia.Their leader Big Brother controls all and knows all. They later get caught by the thought police and put through extreme conditions to reduce them to their core. Big Brother uses violence, manipulation, and propaganda to brainwash and control the perceptions of â€Å"his† citizens therefore , indicating it is possible to change people’s reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the many ways Big Brother controls his people is by using manipulation,to alter the past to fit the presentRead MoreControl Room by Jehane Noujaim851 Words   |  3 PagesMedia Propaganda The film, Control Room by Jehane Noujaim, is a very tragic film that occurred between the Middle East and the United States. Control Room seems to assert the possibility that though we my see many pictures and videos of an event, we may nevertheless not be getting a complete picture. In my opinion, I believe that pictures can lie because photos can be manipulated, media picks and chose what to show, and use false hopes and lies to cheer on their country. The war betweenRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union964 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Cold War were artists. The weapons these artists used were children, illustrating them in a way that would provoke the population to consent to the war. The Cold War was fought using propaganda involving children with messages including protection, prosperity, and stereotypes. The first type of propaganda used in the Cold War by both the United States and the Soviet Union was depicting children as happy because their bliss represents a nation that is prosperous. Both nations believed that ifRead MoreMaking Meanings Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesexistence. Propaganda presents facts selectively to encourage a particular response that can revolve around economical, political or cultural issues. The Aim of propaganda is to influence people’s opinions or behaviours actively, rather than merely communicate facts. This deliberately evokes an emotional response to a wide spread audience. The Nazis believed in propaganda as a vital tool to achieve their goals. Adolf Hitler, Germany’s ‘fuhrer’, was impressed by the power of allied propaganda during WorldRead MoreOrwell Warns Us of an Impending Dystopia in 1984, Is North Korea This Foretold World? Discuss Similarities829 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough North Korea is lacking in a technological sense compared to â€Å"The Party†, they have some very similar tactics such as the invasion of privacy, the creation of class systems and the use of propaganda to hold their oppressive power in place. North Korea’s use of flooding their civilians heads with images of the â€Å"Eternal President† and the â€Å"Supreme Leader† serves as the same reminder of their overlords as the constant bombardment of â€Å"Big Brother is watching you† in Orwell’s novel. The use of thisRead MoreNazi Propaganda During World War II1448 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most crucial aspects of Nazi propaganda in Germany during World War II was indoctrinating the youth. One of Hitler’s main beliefs was that the children of Germany were the future of the country. Therefore, he created several propaganda movements to influence the children, so Hitler could gain their trust. Nazi propaganda was extremely effective in manipulating the feelings and opinions of German citizens. The Nazi movement attracted the youth in an extremely enticing way which attracted

Selection Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 409 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Organization Essay Did you like this example? K. S. R SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SELECTION PROCESS PRESENTED BY, K. DEEPANRAJ. Selection Process: Employee Selection is the process of putting right men on right job. It is a procedure of matching organizational requirements with the skills and qualifications of people. Selection is the process of choosing from among the candidates from within the organization. The Employee selection Process takes place in following order: * Preliminary Interviews. * Application blanks * Selection process Tests * Employment Interviews * Medical examination * Appointment Letter Selection Test Preliminary Interviews: It is used to eliminate those candidates who do not meet the minimum eligibility criteria laid down by the organization. The skills, academic and family background, competencies and interests of the candidate are examined during preliminary interview. Application blanks: The candidates who clear the preliminary interview are required to fill application blank. It contains data record o f the candidates such as details about age, qualifications, reason for leaving previous job, experience, etc. Types of Tests  : Intelligence test-mental ability, * Alert and quick Learning, Memory * Vocabulary * verbal fluency * Numerical ability * perception Selection Process Tests: Various written tests conducted during selection procedure are aptitude test, intelligence test, reasoning test, personality test, etc. These tests are used to objectively assess the potential candidate. They should not be biased. Employment Interviews: It is a one to one interaction between the interviewer and the potential candidate It is used to find whether the candidate is best suited for the required job or not. But such interviews consume time and money both. Moreover the competencies of the candidate cannot be judged Medical Examination: Medical tests are conducted to ensure physical fitness of the potential employee. Physical qualities like vision, acute hearing, stamina, tolerance voice, health etc. , Selection Decision: In selection decision will probably be between three or four candidates. The personnel specialist together with line management will now have weigh up the strength weakness of each candidate In the end making the right ecision depends on management judgment. Appointment Letter: A reference check is made about the candidate selected and then finally he is appointed by giving a formal appointment letter. Reference from individual’s who are familiar with the candidate’s academic achievements Conclusion: Recruitment and selection is a vital function of HR in the organization. The role of Hr manager is very crucial in selecting and recruiting the right kind of people who can be an asset for the company. Instead of following a blind elimination process, focus should be on selecting. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Selection Process" essay for you Create order

Current Situation Of Ship Recycling Industry Economics Essay Free Essays

string(165) " ships to developing states for destruction or at least paces that do non hold these types of exigencies could be violate European jurisprudence and understandings\." Introduction The transportation industry is an of import factor in the economic sciences of the states ; more than 80 % of transportation goods are by sea. Nowadays, there are different types and size of vass to cover the demand of markets, from little 1s that marketed in rivers and inland, until superstructure that can incorporate over than one hundred thousand dozenss of stuffs. However, all of these ships have lifespan and they must complete their lives in safety conditions to the people and friendly manner with the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Situation Of Ship Recycling Industry Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now To accomplish the above, ship recycling industry has developed patterns to have vass from everyplace recycling stuffs that could be utile in others Fieldss and obtaining of import net incomes. In fact, ship breakage concern has been dining in recent period and concern is set to increase ; nevertheless, in most instances, ships are sold to developing states because they have cheaper labour but, on the other manus, they have lowest degrees of quality. The local environment and the safety of ship paces workers in these topographic points are in argument today because the industry has had significant losingss too bad. For illustration, in Bangladesh during the last 10 old ages, 100s of work forces in the 70 breakage paces have died or been maimed or poisoned, about all people affected from the hapless communities in the state. ( Vidal 2012 ) The ship recycling industry involves a figure of stakeholders with different concerns, the job have been discus from some old ages but today seems to be more present in forums of international maritime community and duly in International Maritime Organization ( OMI ) . Furthermore, in 2009 IMO adopted the Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environment Sound Recycling of Ships, the convention lays the footing for ships to be dismantled in conditions of safety for workers and the environment. This research will first explicate what a Ship recycling is, and so look at the place of stakeholders. Second, the essay will give aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Finally, the Hon Kong Convention will be considered Background ( where – by whom – state of affairs in developing states ) Justification ( importance ) Organization Thesis statement Current state of affairs of ship recycling industry After 2008 fiscal crisis the market collapsed and evidently affected the transportation industry. Banks do non desire to finance transportation, hence, the industry has forced to believe in new scheme such as sale some vass to transport recycling industry because it is non utilizing and ship proprietor were passing many resources in care. Ship interrupting activities have taken topographic point chiefly in developing states because offer less limitation to the activity, every bit good as lower costs. The major states that receive vass to recycle are India, Bangladesh, China, Turkey and Pakistan. However, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan were chosen as illustrations to be analyzed in this research paper because China and Turkey have improved installations in this field. In India, the reaching of the Blue Lady ( ex-Norway ) causes a serious treatment because it has onboard a considerable sum of asbestos and other risky stuffs. The Supreme Court has decided demand major issues and ordinances for administration of the ship recycling industry. In this state, the ship recycling activities are chiefly carried out at Alang which is situated on the West seashore and there are 175 active paces. The chief advantage of this topographic point is the tide which vary month to month to utilize the beach. Merely in Alang, the industry recycles about 600 vass per twelvemonth and there are more than 20 licencing organic structures that regulate the industry. At least 100 paces are certified with ISO 14001/9001 and OHSAS 18001 and at least 50 paces have ISO 30000. Furthermore, Indian governments refuse to let ships to be scrapped on its shores unless they have been certified as gas free, in other words, the vas must be checked for any potentially explosive pockets of gas. This step was positive because helped to drop Numberss of detonation accident but unluckily, they besides lost a batch of concern. The Bangladesh ship recycling industry has an environmental judicial proceeding by Bangladesh Environmental Law Association ( BELA ) , giving a power signal that the environmental jobs are of import issue for the state. The supreme tribunal of Bangladesh banned the working of the recycling industry for 10 months in 2011 and directed the Shipping Ministry and Ministry of Environment to border â€Å" Ship Recycling guidelines † within six months. In this state the activity is a important economic activity and provides employment for over 500,000 people, every bit good as contributes of 1000000s of dollars in footings of direct and indirect revenue enhancements. Today, the vass that arrive there besides require being gas free certification for hot plants. In the seashore of Bangladesh there are about 55 ship recycling paces and any ship approaching inwards for recycling is required to obtain a â€Å" No Objection Certificate † . The ordinances here are non plenty rigorous as India ; nevertheless, of the 55 breakage paces, at least 25 have ISO 14001/9001 and OHSAS 18001, including ISO 30000. There is an of import measure sing the degrees of Bangladesh some old ages ago. The instance of Pakistan is unluckily worst, the paces there have really low criterions sing to human conditions and industrial rights. There are about 25 ships recycling paces but the inwards formalities are small and vass are beached without any greater demands. In other words, any proprietor with money may happen disponibility in Pakistan beaches. In add-on, none of the paces have ISO-certified, likely because there are a assortment of factors like possible terrorist act, unstable authorities among others, that non allowed better industry competencies and still worst, it could be continue utilizing old patterns and methods. European Union has proposed Torahs saying that ships registered in Europe should be broken up merely in accredited paces run intoing rigorous new environmental guidelines ( Vidal, 2012 ) , so selling ships to developing states for destruction or at least paces that do non hold these types of exigencies could be violate European jurisprudence and understandings. You read "Current Situation Of Ship Recycling Industry Economics Essay" in category "Essay examples" Workers conditions and environment Some Environment ( Places used ) Probably the worst portion in environment sense is the topographic point that normally uses this activity in mentioned states that they have non basic criterions for working like the instance of beaches and coast side. Interrupting ship on beaches creates an unacceptable environmental jeopardy. Worker status ( risky- personal equipment ) In fact, McCarthy explain that after 10 months out of the market, Bangladesh tribunal announced that the state will open once more for concern if it better some points and achieve criterions for yard workers. workers put on the lining their lives for little more than one euro a twenty-four hours. Ships are scrapped in petroleum working conditions statistis shows that on norm, one worker dies in the paces a hebdomad and every twenty-four hours a worker is injured. Workers are easy replaceable to the paces proprietors: if one is lost they know another 10 are waiting to replace him. Many workers do non hold entree to basic personal protective equipment such as difficult chapeaus, baseball mitts and Googles for steel film editing activities. Many have been killed and 1000s injured working in unsafe conditions. it is necessary range the end of nice working status for all. Injury and toxic condition ( Dangerous stuffs such as asbestos, lead pigment, heavy metals, PCB ‘s ) Guaranting armored combat vehicles and holds are free of toxic gases before cutting hull home bases High cost of take these stuffs. Suppliers from developing states are still bring forthing equipment and building parts with asbestos Harmonizing to Lloyd ‘s list ( .. ) although asbestos usage technically holding been banned since 2009, merely five of the six types of asbestos are covered by jurisprudence. There is a hazard of paying out big amounts of money in the signifier of compensation to crew members and mend yard workers unaware they are being exposed to risky stuffs. Old ship contain more toxic stuffs the removal stuff is soiled and unsafe work, it should go on under rigorous safety criterions 1.3m metric tons of toxic stuffs on board terminal of life vass are sent each twelvemonth to Chittagong and other shipbreaking paces in South Asia from EU entirely, with incalculable hazards to workers â€Å" Explosions of remnant gas and exhausts in the armored combat vehicles are the premier cause of accidents in the paces. Other accidents are caused by falls because the work forces are non given safety harnesses or workers being crushed by falling beams or home bases, or electrocuted † . â€Å" The paces re-use ropes and ironss recovered from the broken ships without proving their strength. Fires, gas detonations, falling steel home bases, exposure to toxicants from sand trap oil, lubricators, pigments and lading swills have left 1000s with repiratory diseases † says Shahin. Hull cut When the hull of a ship is cut unfastened, pollutants such as heavy metals and oils are released. These toxic substances seep into the sand and contaminate land H2O that it is impossible to clean up. Coordinated international attempts ( stakeholders ) Hong Kong Convention In 2009, the IMO adopted the Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environment Sound Recycling of Ships was adopted in May of 2009 ; nevertheless, merely five states have signed. There are who say that in 2020 could be into force, nevertheless it is hard to back up because there are many states, members of the International Maritime Organization, that have they ain ordinances and they are non realy interested in this subject because it is non affect them. In adition, merely one state of the denominated shipbreaking states, has ratificated the convention. Harmonizing to McCarthy ( aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . ) in the Tradewinds Ship Recycling Forum, 150 shipbreakers harmonizing base on balls from 60 % of European Union flagged ships that were sold to India, Bangladesh and Pakistan ; to 0 % . Attempts to increase consciousness in marine equipment to workers, every bit good as rise quality enfranchisement of the absence of risky stuffs such as asbestos Many organisations have expressed concerns about ship recycling paces will be required to supply a â€Å" ship recycling Plan † to stipulate the mode in which each ship will be recycled. International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) . ( green passport and gas free enfranchisement ) IMO has introduced a Green Passport ; which involves maintaining and stock list of risky stuffs throughout a ship ‘s life. Then, ship surfs will cognize what they are covering with when they come to undertake the vas. This guidelines is voluntary and applies merely to new ships. They promote safer and more environmentally friendly direction of ship recycling industry. IMO Guidelines on ship recycling â€Å" Gas free for hot plants † enfranchisement which urges recycling provinces to present compulsory processs. Ship surfs association The ship surfs association is concerned about the effects of Hong Kong convention on their net incomes and sustainability. They receive force per unit area from public sentiment and environmental groups because there is a high degree of accidents and musk hogs conditions in ship recycling paces. For this ground, they are disquieted about the resources and they are seeking to drop the accidents. Ship proprietors The ship proprietors considers appropriated count with incentive plan in order to implement green recycling and are concerned about steps on the economic facets for the transportation industry. They are besides wants to be co-ops with the safe and the environment but aˆÂ ¦ International Labor Organization ( ILO ) The workers conditions are unstable, the occupational wellness and safety of workers in ship paces should be improved including the proviso of safety equipment and handiness of medical attention for workers. They give guidelines advise on the usage of protective equipment when covering with risky stuffs, nevertheless, every bit good as IMO guidelines are volunteers. For ILO, the Hong Kong convention is an of import understanding to do ship interrupting nice work. Non-government organisations ( NGO ‘s ) The Non-government organisations are likely the most utmost in requires that the beaching method to be banned and all ships sold for trashing should be cleaned of toxic stuffs before arrive to shipyards. Further, this demand complements the Convention on the control of transboundary motions of risky wastes and their disposal. There are lay waste toing effects of ship recycling on the environment and on the rights of workers. They consider that Hong Kong convention is in the right way, but non strong plenty to be really effectual. They want see rapid and drastic steps and consequents alterations. Table ( illustrate and explain impact of Hong Kong Convention ) Analysiss – Measures is possible that the International Maritime community do non hold an truly involvement in this subject because it is non a planetary job and merely impact a few developing states. Furthermore, India, Bangladesh and Chinas are independent states and they have their ain ordinances This could be a power ground why the Hong Kong convention is non ratified for many states and worst, it will be non at least in the close hereafter. It will be enter into force 24 months after the day of the month on which 15 provinces, stand foring 40 per cent of universe merchandiser transportation by gross tunnage there is besides a mix of responsabilities because this activities are done in land and involve most job about workers ( ILO ) , wellness ( ) and environment ( ) than safety of life at sea and oceanclaning. but non ever is bad, in adition in 2003, representatives of authorities, employers and workers organisations from heavyweight ship interrupting states Bangladesh, China, India, Pakista and Turkey adopted ILO Guidelines on Safety and Health in ship breakage. Why a state in peculiar could be sign a convention if it do non hold relation or job in this sense. It must appeal to the societal duty. Human rights Net incomes and sustainability of the industry Useful stuff is sold for recycling Employment Improve criterions ( recommendations ) Demand to see immediate alterations in ship recycling activities toward better worker safety. There are many steps that could be considered ; nevertheless, it is non plenty give recommendations or compose in any jurisprudence and ordinances. The truly of import is heve the capacity to enforcement. Some of the most basic steps are personal protective equipment due many workers do non hold entree to basic safety equipment such as difficult chapeaus, baseball mitts and goggles for steel film editing activities. There are 1000s of workers injured yearly and some of them have been killed for this ground. Another basic step is risky stuffs should be removed before trashing. In other words, take toxic stuffs from new and chiefly old ships that contain asbestos and others substances such as lead pigment, heavy metals and PBC ‘s. The following 1 is complete the execution of the gas free certification, it is necessary because look intoing vass and their close infinite can lend to avoid explosive gas and attendant bead in the Numberss of detonation accidents. Finally, the last poi nt necessary to follow in short term is improve handiness of medical attention for workers because the existent attempts to shipbreakers association unluckily are non sufficient to the sum of workers that daily suffer accidents and lesions. Ship recycling industry instantly stops ship interrupting on beaches. Ship proprietors for recycling their ships merely at green installations that do non interrupt ship on unfastened beaches. there specific step from the states involve to better criterions Medical attention Decision Develop the activity in friendly manner and better criterions to the workers and the environment. Seem betterments are easy coming about Necessitate a via media of all stakeholders While some provinces have ratified the Hong Kong convention and are working in order to hold green recycling installations, others are unsated or do non interested with the footings of convention. Pressure on the transportation community to dispose of its terminal of life ships in a safe and environmentally friendly manner taking into history the peculiar state of affairs of Find countries of common involvement and understanding The regulations and ordinances could be much easier to implement. contribute to the development of an effectual solution to the issue of ship recycling, which will minimise, in the most effectual, efficient and sustainable manner, the environmental, occupational wellness and safety hazards related to the industry. How to cite Current Situation Of Ship Recycling Industry Economics Essay, Essay examples

Media Management Marketing Planning

Question: Discuss about the Media Management for Marketing Planning. Answer: Introduction In this assignment, I am going to elaborate the strategies which are required for the marketing planning for the company. I have chosen Callaway Golf Equipment as the client company, whose products need to be a market. I will provide the insight of integrated marketing Plan and how its useful for the advertisements of a product. Callaway Golf Inc. is a Golf equipment manufacturer multination company and it stands in 2nd number in all over the world in manufacturing and marketing of different Golf equipment. The company is exploring new markets to sell the products and its using the advertisement to reach new markets. Marketing Planning is providing a blueprint of the strategies which are required for the advertisements of the products. In other words, this process begins with an analysis of the situation from the marketing plan and it does not include other aspects of production and evaluation. ( Percy, 1997) IMC: The Integrated marketing Plan has these processes and this must be reflected in the advertising campaigns of the company. The Integrated Marketing plan or IMC includes different marketing strategies such as, Print Interactive Outdoor Strategic Planning Media Planning Brand Partnerships Result Tracking IMC is a strategy which is defined and used to create awareness among consumers through different kind of marketing tools. In IMC the advertiser company, which is Callaway Golf in this case of the assignment, has used Television, radio, and Social media marketing for the advertisement of the Products. This kind of strategic marketing is becoming more and more important because the media fragmentation in the advertisement is considered as a good measure to promote the products. Another benefit of the integrated marketing is its creative approach and implementation. The creative approach in the marketing is successfully implemented for the Callaway Golf to sell their Golf equipment and accessories. Media Planning Media planning is not just answering some media means but its the process or a series of decisions that could provide the best solution for the problems which are needed to be answered for the marketing of a product. The planners recommendation is to balance the tradeoff within an organization. Planner mainly considers different problems which could be arising and a set of solution and recommendation for the company to follow. These solutions and recommendations about the media selection and advertisement of the products I considered as Media planning. Changing Way of Media Planning: Many marketers believe that the traditional advertisement means such as television, radio and newspapers are an outdated sources of advertisement. Its a wrong concept, as the internet is considered as one of the best sources of advertisement and its accessible to a large population but its still not is a position to considered as a major source of advertisements. Apart from this, the Internet marketing is considered as costly as well, top rated television programs have an impact on the population of different companies. In todays perspective, the consumers are being more information seekers and they also search different products over the internet so the marketing planning should also consider this case as well. Planning an IMC campaigns is a step by step process, according to the Heibing and Cooper the IMC planning is a communication tool which should be done by a set methodology to short out the overlapping elements and correctly and collectively address all the issues. The first things which need to be addressed are the outlining the relevant marketing issues which could affect the marketing and communication about the product. Following different steps regarding the campaign, the last and final step is the evaluation of the campaign. (Duncan, 2002). I will follow two different planning processes which are Outside- In Planning Zero-based Planning approach The Planning will constitute Marketing background, Target audience, Communication strategy, Behavioral task grid and creative grid. Market Analysis Callaway Golf is creating a marketing strategy which is needed by the company to create brand awareness to the consumers. The company is mainly dealing with manufacturing of Drivers, iron, Golf ball, Golf equipment, and bags. The company has a Callaways financial result do not reflect any single direction, basically, its mixed. After the year of 2000, its revenue has been decreased by the 5.4%, whereas the in the case of total asset turnover, its also declined by 12 % (Financial Statement, 2001). In the year of 2002, its NIAT has increased by 19%, which had a negative growth of 27.9% in the year of 2002. According to the report, the Z-score of the company is still 5.4 and its in Safe Zone (Financial report, 2002). Callaway Golf mainly operates in the Sporting and Athletics segments and Manufacturing industry. Callaways is mainly involved in the manufacturing of the Drivers, irons, golf balls and in the accessories. The products which are included in the driver categories are fairway woods and hybrid sold under the Bden hogen and Top- Flite brand name. The company stood in the # 2 position in this segments and the number 1 is the TaylorMade, which is an Adidas Company. The other products in these categories are Iron and Wedges, in this segment the Callaway is the number one. The market share of the company in this segment is still in a good number beside that the share of the rival companies such as Nike and Adidas in increasing. In the case of Golf ball which is being sold by the Callaway brand name, Top-Flite. In this segment, the company is in #2 positions in the market. Also in the case of the accessories and the company is selling Golf bags and Gloves under the same brand name. The brand r eputations of the company help them to sell. The company market strategy is to create and make brand awareness among the public about the products in which they are engaged with. The main Market of the Callaway products is the regions where Golf is most famous and widely played by the masses. The focus should be on those countries, some of them are United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland and England. The main market of the company exists in these countries. The developing Countries such as China, India and Brazil is also a lucrative location to sell the products (MONROE, 2014). Now the company is targeting in the market where they can grow further, such as USA, CHINA, and EUROPE. In Australia, the companys presence is somewhat good but they can grow further in Europe and Asia. The marketing strategies will be focused on these areas. The other developing countries are being focused on the future market of the company. Objectives of IMC: Marketing Background: The marketing background includes the evaluating the present hurdles and challenges with the company and brand. This will examine and help the organization in finalizing the marketing process and plan. It would contain some questions which will help the planner to create the effective plan for the product they have chosen to market (Percy, 1997). Target Audience Objective: The IMC planning tries to look beyond the traditional Golf equipment purchases and it's also focusing on new age customers. This is done to achieve a more holistic view regarding the target audience. According to Percy (1997) to get a more holistic view regarding the target audience we need to look beyond the target audience and the IMC planning should also include the behavior patterns as well as the attitude patterns of the audience. We should also try to know the audience linkage to the contribution as well as the media. One more important thing which needs to be known is the decision grid of the consumer, why they are choosing and why they have chosen the product. Which things have motivated them to make the decision of the product? Percy also suggested a Grid which is known as decision grid contains different essential questions which could be used for the understanding the factor of decision. Role consumer Trade initiator Influencer Decider Purchaser User These are essential steps which are required prior planning the planning of the marketing media. These reviews and studies are required to know the present and future target customers; this will help the company to make the strategy easily and more effective. There are different Processes which will be used to determine and implement the planning. Communication Strategies Objective This objective mainly deals with the communication strategies which will be needed for the marketing communication. This is further divided into 5 groups, which are category needs Brand awareness Brand attitude Brand purchase Intensions Purchase facilitation Planning Process Zero-based Planning Process: As the marketing conditions are changing, so the IMC Planners should use Zero-based planning Process. (Duncan, 2002). This process is used to determine the objectives and strategies based on the current marketplace conditions. This process consists of 8 steps which are applicable to each of the consumers and B-B brand whether they are operating Multinational or domestically. The Steps are; Source: Duncan, 2002 Swot analysis of a company and brand provides the Strength, weakness, Opportunity and threat of a company. The SWOT analysis can help a company to address the weakness and leverage the strength of the company. Internal Situation: In the case of Callaway Company, the strength of the company is the brand name and Research and development. These two can be leveraged by the company so that they can explore and penetrate a new market and increase the revenue. These can be addressed so we can make a proper contribution to the marketing planning. The weakness of the company consists of the low Multinational presence and sort of products which they can offer. The weakness must be address while making the plan of media. External Situation: The opportunity ad threats are considered as the external factors, in the case of Callaway Golf the opportunity is the Growing Golf market in the Developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil as well as increasing market in USA and Europe as well as In Australia. The threat includes the increased competitions from Global brands such as Nike and Adidas. Strategies Callaway Golf needs to use different means of advertisement under the integrated marketing Campaign. Television, radio as well as the Social media marketing should be widely used by the company so that they can attract more customers. The must use the benefits of endorsements by the professional golfers; this is defined as a target based marketing strategy. Apart from this Callaway Golf need to be widely popular in different social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. In present time when most of the peoples are engaged with the different social media websites, creating awareness about the product by the Social media is a well-maintained strategy. Callaway has to use IMC in different measures to reach to the customers; Callaway is also focusing on hosting and sponsoring different Golf competitions in different companies so that they can present themselves as a one stop solution for the golf equipment. In present Callaway Golf is #2 in sales of Drivers and #1 in sales of Iron. The main competitor of the company is Taylor Made, Titlists, and Nike. These companies are also increasing their market segment and the innovation which lead them to take on the market and the challenge the Callaway. Revenues of the companies are mainly driven by the market share and the Global economy, declining Golf industry also adversely affect them in the short run (Gordon, 2013). Competitive Analysis Callaway Golf mainly operates in the Sporting and Athletics segments and Manufacturing industry. Callaways is mostly concerned in the manufacturing of the Drivers, irons, golf balls and in the accessories. The products which are incorporated in the driver categories are fairway woods and hybrid sold under the Bden hogen and Top- Flite brand name. The company stood in the # 2 position in this segments and the number 1 is the TaylorMade, which is an Adidas Company product. The other products in these categories are Iron and Wedges, in this segment the Callaway is the number one. The market share of the company in this segment is still in a good number beside that the share of the rival companies such as Nike and Adidas in increasing. In the case of Golf ball which is being sold by the Callaway brand name, Top-Flite. In this segment, the company is in #2 positions in the market. Also in the case of the accessories and the company is selling Golf bags and Gloves under the same brand name . The brand reputations of the company help them to sell. Proposed Marketing Strategies Marketing Strategies is one of the essential things in every company. The company must perform therefore to aim the consumers and raise the revenue. The companies have to set up strategies to cover border market, 1. Target oriented marketing 2. Marketing should be more focused on the populations which could be the future customer 3. Reflect the Superior Quality and pocket-friendly 4. Brand Endorsements by the Professionals. 5. Association of the Clubs and the Events which are related with the Golf. 6. Online Presence The company should spend and sponsor on humanitarian activities with the Brand name this will create a good image and people's will be attached to it emotionally. Another increasing aspect of the marketing is the online marketing or Digital marketing. Digital marketing is widely used by the company so that they can target large audiences and create traffic over the website. E-commerce is on the boom so that they can make it more fruitful by taking the traffic towards the website. Media for the Advertisement The market uses various alternative media to advertise their brand which helps to reach their brand to each and every customer. So the company Callaway also uses different alternative media to advertise their brand like: 1. Television: It helps to reach to a large number with a single exposure. As it is mass communication and it was seen by each and every customer. It is a network that helps to improve their targeting effort (Voorveld and van Noort, 2014). 2. Radio: This media is being used for over 80 years. As many countries use the geographical distinct radio station to broadcast simultaneously. As nowadays many people have a habit of listening music and news to the radio so it also helps to advertise the brand Top flight and their equipment which they sell like bags, golf driver, shoes, etc. (Lovejoy, Riffe and Cheng, 2012). 3. Printing Publication: The Company prints various magazines, books, newspaper to advertise and highlight their brand (Voorveld and van Noort, 2014). The magazine is more target audience than the media, as the magazine shows the product with every detail. 4. Internet: As the technology is moving very fast and everyone use the internet so it is the fastest media outlet for advertising any brand or product. So the company advertises their product on their website. And this media help to get the feedback of the customer directly through the website. And it helps the company improve their product. 5. Direct mail Advertising: It is also a type of medium to advertise the brand. Directly mailing to the customer about the brand in their email. So the company collects the email id from various social media like Facebook, twitter, etc (Lovejoy, Riffe and Cheng, 2012). 6. Product placement advertising: It is an advertising approach through the entrainment like movies, TV serials, and video games. 7. Sponsorship advertising: The Company also provides some sponsorship for advertising their brand Top flight. Implementation Process The company has to expand the current Market and they are also wanted to increase the revenue in this competitive market. This can be achieved by the applying a proper set of proposed marketing strategies which the Company has to follow. The Callaway Golf should make a creative and lucrative website which will be beneficial for them to reach new customers. The second thing which they should do is make a team which will be responsible for the marketing of the products and their advancements to the public. This will be helpful as this can create awareness among the consumers. This team will be responsible for the Digital marketing too; marketing through the Facebook and Twitter will help the company. The Social media marketing is one of the best options to create traffic on the website and attract customers. According to the Scott Gorayl, the global communication head of the Callaway Company, Social media is one of the biggest and easiest ways to market our products thats why the company has a good presence on different social media websites. (App, 2013) Evaluation and Control The company has to manage different things at once; this includes Manufacturing, marketing, advertisement, and Innovation. The Callaway Golf has a number of employees who are involved in different works and management. The management and administrative teams are responsible for the implementation of each process. The management Team must divide the work according to the team present and how they must help them in achieving the target. Availing all the resources which are needed to the process must be provided by the company management. The matrix which they have to follow is, Conclusion I have described the IMC and its objectives for the marketing and communication in an organization for a product. Media planning is an essential thing before going for marketing; this helps a company to find him most accurate and visible objectives of the products. I have described the Media Planning and its requirements. The marketing strategies and the evaluation and control of the Marketing campaign are also essential things to do. This helps the company to track the progress of the communication tool, either the company is choosing online marketing or the traditional strategies, evaluation and control help the company to set up an objective and be attached to it. Although, the Media Planning is an essential thing which needs to be address perfectly as per the companies target market and product portfolio. Reference: Doole,I Lowe, .R, (2008), International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development, and Implementation, Cengage Learning EMEA Liz Peek, 2006, Golf industry counts on boomers to drive sales App, .S, (2013), The Social Media Strategies Behind Callaway Golf: An Interview with Scott Goryl and Chad Coleman, from; https://www.sporttechie.com/2013/06/24/callaway-golf-interview-breaking-down-their-social-media-strategies/ Rangan, .K, (2006), Transforming Your Go-to-market Strategy: The Three Disciplines of Channel Management, Harvard Business Press Pearson Custom Business Resources: Principles of Marketing. Boston,( 2010), Pearson Learning Solutions Callaway Golf Company (ELY), from; https://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Callaway_Golf_Company_(ELY) Lovejoy, J., Riffe, D. and Cheng, H. (2012). Campaign Interest and Issue Knowledge: Did the Mediaand Negative Political AdvertisingMatter in Battleground Ohio?.Atlantic Journal of Communication, 20(4), pp.201-220. Snyder, W. (2011). Making the Case For Enhanced Advertising Ethics.Journal of Advertising Research, 51(3), pp.477-483. Voorveld, H. and van Noort, G. (2014). Social Media in Advertising Campaigns: Examining the Effects on Perceived Persuasive Intent, Campaign, and Brand Responses.Journal of Creative Communications, 9(3), pp.253-268. Waller, D. (2012).Developing your integrated marketing communication plan. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill.

To what extent do we have an insight into the private man King Henry Essay Example

To what extent do we have an insight into the private man: King Henry Essay We have a very limited view into the private life of Henry due to the fact that in most scenes he is in is a very public one not centred around him. The scenes that do give us a in sight is the reprimand scene with Hal as he rants on as if Hal was not there, III, ii and the scene where Hal saves his life, V, iv the opening scene and I, iii.From the opening scene we gather that King Henry has a guilty conscience. He is weighed down by guilt and worry, because he deposed Richard and caused his murder and upset the natural balance of the world. This worrying has made him ill and sickly, so shaken are we, so wan with care. He proposes to lead a crusade to the Holy Land as it may ease his conscience and improve him in the eyes of God. He is also is a great politician, this proposed crusade would be a easy way of uniting the kingdom as they now would have a common enemy instead of warring with each other. It also appears, I the opening scene, that he thinks that the riotous life of his el dest son will tear the kingdom apart as they will refuse to take him as a king.In I, iii Henry tries to confirm his seat a king by demanding fear and respect from Worcester. This could be because he has a haunch that they are plotting against him, if that is so he is a very astute man and is trying to scare them out of it. He is also a very sceptical man, in not believing that Mortimer fought the rebellious Welsh. He is also very complementary towards Hotspur who he respects greatly. This could be because his eldest son is so riotous and Hotspur is so honourable and worthy which Shakespeare set up to contrast each other.In III, ii is really hurtful towards his son Hal, saying that he wonders whether God is punishing him for usurping the throne and who can he keep such low company he also recites anonymous gossip at his son. This could be an attempt to stop his son running such a riotous life. Also in this seen he shows how good a politician he is by telling his soon why Richard was a poor king and him a good one. He put this down to the fact that Richard was seen in public too often where he was Neer seen but wondered at.In V, iv Henry lets slip his fear that he thought Hal would join the rebels because he didnt love his farther, this reinforces the fact that he is a sceptical and suspicious man. He is only satisfied when Hal saves his life.All in all Henry is not a very likeable man but a cold, suspicious, worried vile politician.

John Dalton essays

John Dalton essays John Dalton was an extraordinary English chemist and physicist. He produced many theories and discovered amazing doctrines throughout his life. In the next paragraphs, I will be discussing John Daltons life and the events that occurred that contributed to our scientific world. John Dalton was born on September 6, 1766 at Eaglefield in Cumberland, England. Throughout his life, Dalton had a very interesting personality. He dressed a very different way, unlike others, because of his Quaker upbringing. He enjoyed lawn bowling and hanging out with his friends. He appeared to everyone as what we would call a nerd today. He was an individual and proud of it. Dalton was always dedicated to his studies and searching for the answers to scientific problems. Daltons family were Quakers and impoverished. His grandfather, Jonathan Dalton, was a shoemaker and his father, Joseph Dalton, was a weaver. His mother, Deborah Greenup, married Joseph in 1755. His parents always tried to give the best to their three children in education and everyday life. Dalton went to school until he was twelve. He loved to learn. He was especially fascinated about science. From the beginning he was self taught. John Dalton attended a small school in Eaglesfield called, Fletchers Quaker Grammar School. There he began teaching but after two years, when he was fourteen, he could not afford to live with the money that they were giving him so he went into farm work. He came back to teaching in 1781 in Kendal. This was the beginning of his journey. The school was run by his cousin, George Bewley. He joined his brother Jonathan to teach at the school. His cousin George retired in 1785 and Dalton stayed in Kendal until 1793 becoming the head of the school. Dalton became interested and influenced in many scientific theories around the world from a wealthy Quaker he once knew. In 1787, he began keeping a diary of the changing clima...

Quantitative decision theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative decision theory - Essay Example rgency plan, he directs the emergency response program and has the final decision and responsibility for the major decision relating to all aspects of emergency response. In case the president is absent, the provost has the authority to direct the emergency response until the president is available. The other key person in emergency response is the vice president of administration. He is responsible for damage assessment claim relationships with trinity’s insurance company and immediate oversight of facilities for any emergencies involving building and grounds. The building collapse and cause accident, the assessment will be carried out effectively. The most important role during emergency response is directing the emergency program by the president (Britten-Jones, 1999). He is the overall authority to give order to be followed by all the emergency personnel. Emergency response needs central command that can be best performed by the president. The other issues concern is assessment of damage. It determines the magnitude of the disaster and the kind of response it will need. If the disaster is severe it will need comprehensive and

Quantitative decision theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative decision theory - Essay Example rgency plan, he directs the emergency response program and has the final decision and responsibility for the major decision relating to all aspects of emergency response. In case the president is absent, the provost has the authority to direct the emergency response until the president is available. The other key person in emergency response is the vice president of administration. He is responsible for damage assessment claim relationships with trinity’s insurance company and immediate oversight of facilities for any emergencies involving building and grounds. The building collapse and cause accident, the assessment will be carried out effectively. The most important role during emergency response is directing the emergency program by the president (Britten-Jones, 1999). He is the overall authority to give order to be followed by all the emergency personnel. Emergency response needs central command that can be best performed by the president. The other issues concern is assessment of damage. It determines the magnitude of the disaster and the kind of response it will need. If the disaster is severe it will need comprehensive and

Quantitative decision theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantitative decision theory - Essay Example rgency plan, he directs the emergency response program and has the final decision and responsibility for the major decision relating to all aspects of emergency response. In case the president is absent, the provost has the authority to direct the emergency response until the president is available. The other key person in emergency response is the vice president of administration. He is responsible for damage assessment claim relationships with trinity’s insurance company and immediate oversight of facilities for any emergencies involving building and grounds. The building collapse and cause accident, the assessment will be carried out effectively. The most important role during emergency response is directing the emergency program by the president (Britten-Jones, 1999). He is the overall authority to give order to be followed by all the emergency personnel. Emergency response needs central command that can be best performed by the president. The other issues concern is assessment of damage. It determines the magnitude of the disaster and the kind of response it will need. If the disaster is severe it will need comprehensive and

Objectives of Risk Analysis in Financial Market Essay

Objectives of Risk Analysis in Financial Market - Essay Example Every buyer in a financial market is an investor. To maximize the profit, buyers are usually ready to take risk. Risk management is a very important concept in both money and capital market. To manage the risk, investors usually diversify it. Risk in the financial market can be divided into two: Systematic risks and Unsystematic risks. Systematic Risks Systematic risk is defined as â€Å"The risk that tends to affect the entire market similarly†. (Kidwell et al. 2007) It is also known as market risk or nondiversifiable risk. Systematic risk is the risk that cannot be reduced or predicted in any manner. Systematic risks are those risks which nobody can predict. As you cannot foresee it, you cannot reduce it or protect yourself against it. For example, the recent political turmoil in Egypt sent all the share markets in the world downward. All investors lost a lot of sum. This political crisis was unpredictable and no investor was able to protect his investment against this downf all. Most investors are primarily concerned with systematic risk as they can reduce unsystematic risk through diversification. Economists use the term ‘beta’ to show the relationship between a stock’s return and the general market movement. For example, if you assign beta 1 to general market (index) and 2 to a particular share, it means if the market goes up 20%, the share goes up 40% and if the market goes down 10%, the share goes down 20%. It means, this particular share is twice as volatile as the market index. Shares with betas greater than 1 are called aggressive shares as they carry more risk than the market. In addition, they affect the entire portfolio in a greater degree than the market...This paper describes financial market, outlines different types of risks in that market and methods for buyers to reduce the risk. Financial market is a mechanism that enables buyers and sellers to meet their financial requirements. Buyers are the investors who purchase short term or long term financial assets while sellers raise funds for their short term and long term requirements. The globalization made world markets more integrated and provided more opportunities in overseas investments. Based on the instruments dealt in the market, financial market divides into money market and capital market. To maximize the profit, buyers are usually ready to take risk. Money market deals with short term trading (buying and selling) of financial assets which have maturity period of one year or less. Capital market deals with securities (debt or equity) which companies and governments used to raise long term funds. To maximize the profit, buyers are usually ready to take risk. To manage the risk, investors usually diversify it. Risk in the financial market can be divided into two: systematic risks and unsystematic risks. Systematic risk is defined as â€Å"The risk that tends to affect the entire market similarly†. It is also known as market risk or nondiversifiable risk. Systematic risk is the risk that cannot be reduced or predicted in any manner. Most investors are primarily concerned with systematic risk as they can reduce unsystematic risk through diversification. Unsystematic risk is defined as â€Å"The unique or security specific risks that tend partially to offset one another in a portfolio Foreign exchange risk occurs due to changes in exchange rate

DBD-NTP Reactor Test for Degradation of Methylene Blue

DBD-NTP Reactor Test for Degradation of Methylene Blue Abstract: Electrical discharges generated at water-gas interface in a nonthermal plasma (NTP) reactor were utilized for the degradation and mineralization of a model aqueous organic pollutant methylene blue. NTP based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have presented a great potential to remove contaminants from wastewater. The degradation of pollutions will greatly depend on the active species generated in NTP process. It was observed that both degradation efficiency and mineralization of the pollutant increased on addition of metal oxide catalyst, hydrogen peroxide and Fe+2 to plasma reactor. It has been observed that methylene blue degradation followed first-order kinetics and degree of mineralization increased as a function of time. 1. Introduction The presence of aqueous organiccompounds in water may have adverse health effects on humans and aquatic organisms[1-4]. Wastewater, especially from paper, textile and pharmaceutical industries may contain highly hazardous and toxic compounds[5, 6]. Typical organic pollutants like pharmaceuticals, dyes, etc are toxic and may contain some non-degradable intermediates that may havea potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity[7, 8]. One ofthe best practiced methods for remediation of these pollutants, adsorption, at best, may tranfer the pollutant to another phase, whereas, biodegradation may be time consuming [6, 9]. Ingeneral, mineralization of these pollutants is much desired. To achieve mineralization, advacned oxidation processes (AOPs) like photo-Fenton, photocatalytic, ultrasonic degradation and sonolysis combined with ozonolysis have been proposed[7, 10-14]. Yet another addition to AOPs is nonthermal plasmas (NTP) generated by electrical discharges. Non-thermal plasmas (cold plasma) are characterized by high electron temperatures (Te) and clod heavy particle temperature (Th). Due to the high electron temperature, the average gas temperature is much lower than that of the electron temperature. NTP based AOPs are gaining attention for remediation of gas and water bound pollutants and especially electric discharges at the water gas interface offers specific advantages like generation high energy electrons that may initiate the reaction, multiple oxidants for mineralization, mild operating conditions and possibility of scale up, etc.Oxidation of pollutant in AOPs proceeds via generation of one of the powerful oxidants, hydroxyl radical (OH, 2.8 V)that can mineralize a majority of the organic pollutants [15-18]. Plasma technologies have agreat potential and are widely used in a large number of technical applications like abatement of air pollutants, surface modification, lasers, etc[19]. The application of plasmas in environmental application has been growing at an exponential rate. Electrical discharges generated at gas-water interface may induce different physical and chemical effects like high electric fields, UV radiation, overpressure shock waves, and the formation of chemically active species [16, 19-22]. The interaction of the high energy electrons created by the discharge with the water molecules produces various reactive species, namely ions (H+, H3O+, O+, H, O, OH), molecular species (H2, O2, H2O2) and radicals (such as O†¢, H†¢, OH†¢) [6, 23-26].In addition, the hot electrons may have higher energy than the dissociation energy of water (5.16 eV) [6, 25,27]. However, even though the presence of UV light has been confirmed, direct photo oxidation of pollutant in water is very limited and among the active species; hydroxyl radical, atomic oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide are the most important ones [28, 29].Thus electrical discharges may provide a capsule of oxidizing species with varying oxidation potentials. For example, OH†¢ radical, one of the most important oxidants, has a very short life time and is mainly generated from the direct dissociation of water molecules in the plasma region [30-32]. The presence of multiple oxidizing species provides various avenues to combine with catalysts. For example, once the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is confirmed, addition of Fe-catalysts may facilitate Fenton type reactions. In a similar manner, in-situ decomposition of ozone on a suitable catalyst may lead to the formation of atomic oxygen, which has still higher oxidation potential than H2O2 and ozone. For the effective utilization of these short lived species, generally, metal oxide catalysts like Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, etc are often integrated with NTP. These catalysts facilitate the in-situ decomposition of ozone, leading to the formation of atomic oxygen, which is a stronger oxidant to ozone. In general, nonthermal plasma reactors may be classified as the sub-atmospheric discharge reactors that demand a reduced pressure (radio frequency, microwave discharge,etc) and that are capable of operating at atmospheric pressure (Corona, dielectric barrier discharge, glow discharge etc). However, as the formation of these active species may depend on the reactor configuration[6, 33-35] it is worth mentioning the widely tested plasma rector models like corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), glow discharge, plasma jet, and gliding arc, etc. 1.1. Dielectric barrier discharge Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration is characterized by at least one insulating dielectric layers, which is placed between the electrodes. Its use in environmentalapplications can be tracked back to middle 18th century, when Siemens (1857) used it to generate ozone. The classical DBD configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The advantage of DBD over the other dischargeslies inhaving the option to workwith NTP atatmosphericpressureandcomparatively straight forward scale-upto large dimensions. 1.2. Corona discharge Corona discharge is featured by relatively non-uniform electric field distribution, when compared to DBD, caused by the sharp edge or sharp point of its electrode. In general, one of the electrodes of corona discharge reactors is a needle or a thin wire that may provide a point to plate type discharge propagation. The electric field near the electrodes would be sufficiently higher than the rest of the discharge volume. The typical electrode configurations of corona discharge are illustrated in Figure 3. 1.3. Gliding Arc discharge The gliding arc (GA) is anunique non-thermal plasma that has relatively high plasma density, power and operating pressure in comparison with other non-equilibrium discharges. It has a dual character of thermal and nonthermal plasma, and can involve relatively high electric powers compared to the corona discharge. It is generated between two metal electrodes with a high velocity gas or gas–liquid fluid flowing between the electrodes. However, for environmental applications like decontamination of air and water pollutants, either corona or DBD is widely tested.DBD configuration has been reported as a promising technique for the removal of air pollutants [33][36-42]. [33][33, 34][33][33, 34]However, majority of the literature deals with treatment of air pollutants. Discharge in water is different to that in air due to differences between the characteristics of water and air[14][14][35]. As stated earlier, plasma generated at air-water interface is known to produce a variety of oxidants that are capable of mineralizing the target organic compounds. Among these oxidants, primary oxidants like ozone, H2O2 are important that may be converted to the secondary oxidants like OH radicals. 1.4. H2O2 production H2O2formation in NTP reactors was reportedwith a variety of feed gases (Ar,O2,air and N2) and interesting observation is that its formation takes place even in the absence of oxygen bubbling[58]. H2O2formation in the water for three model gases followed the order N22.Table 2 summarizes the selected reports that deal with quantitative information on H2O2formation and the corresponding reactions responsible for its formation are summarized below. It may be concluded that the feed gas may affect the formation of oxygen basedreactive species such as OH, O3, O and positive and negative charged ions like †¢O2+,H3O+, †¢O2, †¢O3-.. H2O2 formed by the following reaction (Equations 1-6). 1.5. Ozone production Ozone is yet another oxidant reported that has major applications during NTP abatement of pollutants. The ozone formation and the corresponding reactions of ozone are summarized in Eq. 7-12. Ozone reacts with organic compounds present in wastewater directly via molecular and indirectly through radical type chain reactions. Both reactions may occur simultaneously[35][35]. It is known that ozone reacts with unsaturated functional groups present inorganic molecules, leading the conversion of the pollutant [65]. Sim[35]plified reaction mechanism of ozone in aqueous environment is given in Eq. 8-12. Inaddition, NTP is known toproduce ultra-violet (UV) light due to excited nitrogen molecules present in air [15][33]. Therefore, in aqueous solution, UV light induced dissociation of H2O2 molecules may lead to the formation of hydroxyl radicals(Eq. 13) [66, 67][35]. Eq. 14-17 summarizes the pathway the possibilities in which ozone, H2O2 and UV light may induce the formation of various oxidants that can mineralize the pollutants. Discharges in water may also change the pH of the solution significantly, due to the formation of various inorganic and organic acids[6, 16, 21,68]. The formation of inorganic acids is a result of a series of reactions involving back ground gas like nitrogen, as shown in eq-18 to 23. It has been observed that pH of the solution decreases rapidly due to the formation of water soluble ions. As a result, conductivity of solution also increases significantly. 2. Degradation of a model dye methylene blue A schematic of the reactor used for these experiments are shown in figure X. The electrical discharge was produced in a parallel plane type coaxial NTP-DBD reactor by a high-voltage 0–40 kV AC source transformer (Jayanthi transformers). Quartz is a common material used as a dielectric, due to its excellent dielectric properties and its resistance to ozone. The reactor is a transparent quartz cylinder with an inner diameter of 19 mm and wall thickness of 1.6 mm. Silver paste painted on the outer surface of the quartz tube acts as the outer electrode, whereas a cylindrical stainless steel rod served as the inner electrode. The discharge length was 20 cm and the discharge gap was around 3.5 mm. 2.1. Effect of initial concentration and applied voltage Figure 4 presents the degradation of 100 ppm of a model pollutant methylene blue (MB)as function of time for different voltages at 50 Hz. Increasing voltage favor higher conversion, as conversion of MB improved 91% to 95% on increasing voltage from 14 to 18 kV after 25 min [15]. This may be due to the availability of more energetic electrons at 18 kV that may lead to higher degradation. However, degradation decreases with increasing the initial concentration. At14 kV increasing MB concentration from 50 ppm to 100 ppm decreased the conversion from 97% to 91%.A rapid increase in the degradation was observed during the initial stage of plasma treatment followed by a slow increase, probably due to competition between pollutant molecules and the intermediate products formed during the degradation. 2.2. Effect of discharge gap It is known that performanceof NTP reactors depend on the distance between the electrodes[69]. In order to understand this observation, during MB degradation, the electrode distance was varied between 1.5 to 4.5mm. As seen from the Fig.5, for 100 ppm MB degradation at 18 kV, in 25 min thedegradation reached 86, 89.5, 93.5 and 92%, respectively for 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 mm discharge gap, indicating the optimum discharge gap of 3.5 mm. A similar observation was made by Hao et al. who varied the electrode separation between 10 to 20 mm and after 15 min, the conversion of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) decreasedwith increasing the inter-electrode separation. Approximately 78% conversion of 4-CP was obtained with 10 mm inter-electrode separation that decreased to only 45% with 20 mm. With a relatively larger inter-electrode separation, more energy is required for plasma channel formation, whereas optimum separation may also provide plasma-photochemical effects and subsequently a faster degradation of 4-CP. 2.3. Effect of feed gas Feed gas may also influence the degradation of the pollutants in NTP reactors. In order to understand this, degradation of 100 ppm of MB was followed at 18 kV by bubbling 200 ml/min of O2, argon and air(Fig. 6). As seen in Fig. 6, the MB degradation was 97.4, 53.2 and 93.4 %, respectively for oxygen, argon and air. The highest degradation of MB with oxygen and air may be due to formation of oxygen based active species like OH†¢, O3, O†¢, H2O2 and positive and negative charged ions like †¢O2+, H3O+, †¢O2, †¢O3.This observation is consistent with report by Du et al., for different feed gases, including air, oxygen, nitrogen and argon during the degradation of a dye AO7. The degradation during the plasma treatment is highest for oxygen and least with nitrogenbubbling [62]. 2.4. Effect ofNa2SO4 As explained earlier, electric discharges produce various reactive species. However, these species may not oxidize the pollutant. For example, the direct interaction of ozone with pollutant is may be ruled out. One of the ways of improving the performance is by adding suitable additives like metal oxides, carbon, ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide, etc that may facilitate the secondary reactions leading to the formation of strong oxidants.Large amounts of sulphate are generally essential in the dye bath for successful dyeing, which results in high concentrations of sulphate discharge in the effluent. To examine the effect of Na2SO4 concentration on decolorization efficiency, 50 mg/L of SO4-2 in 100 ppm MB was prepared. The solution was treated at 16 kV applied voltage and the observed degradation was 97.5% against 93.5 % with plasma alone. The excess SO4-2 may react with the hydroxyl radicals to generate SO4-†¢which is more reactive than hydroxyl radicals. 2.5. Effect of H2O2 and Fe+2addition Many researchers have reported the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and improved performance during the degradation of pollutants in NTP reactors.The prominent reactions with H2O2 may involve the homolytic fission of the O−O bond leading to theformation of reactive hydroxyl radicals with high oxidizing power (2.8 V). These hydroxyl radicals may attacks the organic pollutants to initiate the degradation.Hence presence/addition of H2O2 may increase the concentration of active OH†¢ and thus accelerate the degradation rate. As the present study confirmed the formation of 80 ppm of H2O2, influence of Fe2+was studied by adding 50 mg of ferrous sulphate. The addition of Fe+2 may facilitate the formation of à ¢- OH, à ¢- HO2 ,etc, via the Fenton reaction (Eq. (25)as shown below Addition of Fe2+ shows positive effect on MB degradation (96.5%), where the conversion of 100 ppm MB increased from 96.5% at 16 kV from 93% with plasma approach alone (Fig. 7). 2.6. Effect of metal oxide catalyst Ozone is one of the oxidizing species with high oxidizing power andis one of the important species formed in NTP.However, direct reaction of ozone with pollutant may not be effective and in order to utilize the potentials of ozone, often a catalyst is combined with plasma. In this context, oxygen deficient CeO2 catalysts are beneficial for ozone decomposition due to presence of defect induced vacancies. During the present study, addition of 100 mg of the catalyst to test solution increased the degradation to 99 % from 93.5 % without catalyst at 16 kV. It is reported that the improvement in the degradation efficiency with catalytic plasma approach is due to in situ formation of atomic oxygen that is capable of mineralizing pollutant due to higher oxidation potential (2.42 V) than ozone (2.07 V) [22]. It is known that many of the excited species produced in NTP are short-lived and addition of catalysts may either enhance the life time of short-lived species or/and facilitate the format ion of secondary oxidants. The catalytic decomposition of ozone may be explained as given in the following equations [15, 26]. 2.7. Mineralization of Aqueous Organic Pollutant The degradation of the dyes was followed by TOC (total organic carbon), which is an index of the pollutant concentration in the solution. TOC indicates the degree of mineralization of the target compound. The plasma treatment of dye solutions decreased the TOC with time and Table 1 presents the data on the decrease of TOC under different flow rates and voltages. The decreasing TOC with increasing treatment time indicated that the degraded organic carbon may be converted into CO, CO2 and H2O [26, 51][32]. [32]This accounts for a degradation process of the solute and consequently for the detoxication level of water. The CO, CO2 released during the reaction confirms that some amount of degraded dye was mineralized. However, during the present study, COX analyzer was utilized only for qualitative analysis. Pollutant + plasma (Active species) →CO + CO2 + H2O (35) 2.8. Energy efficiency The degradation efficiency may be better illustrated by the amount of pollutant decomposed per unit of energy (represented as energy yield). The energy yield of the degradation was calculated by using the following relation[15, 17,18], where C is initial pollutant concentration, V is the volume of the solution, degradation (%) is % degradation at time t, P is power and ‘t’ is time. It was observed that as a function of time the energy yield decreases and percent degradation increases. Increasing applied voltage increases the power and decreases the energy yield. Energy Efficiencies reported for plasma discharge processes are given in Table 1. For MB degradation, in presence of CeO2 catalyst and H2O2 the energy yield increased to 46.2 and 51.3 respectively, whereas, for plasma alone the value is 43.1 g/kWh for 100 ppm initial concentration at 16 kV. Feed gases also change the reactor efficiency as well as the energy yield, as with oxygen it is increased to 45.4, whereas, with argon it is only 14.41 g/kWh. 2.9. Degradation Kinetics During the plasma treatment of aqueous organic pollutants it has been observed that concentration of pollutants in solution decreases with time and the degradation followed first order kinetics. The rate constant was calculated based on Eq-7[45, 68, 70,71]. ln(Ct / C0) = –k1t (24) where Ct, C0, and k1, are the concentration of Aqueous Organic Pollutant for a given reaction time, initial concentration, and first-order rate constant (min-1), respectively. 3. Conclusions A DBD-NTP reactor was tested for the degradation of 100 ppm methylene blue. It was observed that the optimum discharge gap was 3.5 mm and addition of hydrogenperoxide improved the performance of the reactor, probably due to the formation of hydroxyl radical via Fenton reactions. Increasing voltage leads to higher conversion, and catalyst addition increased both conversion and mineralization of the dye.

Physiological manipulation in novel Essay

Aldous Huxley is a visionary in every sense of the word, as he paints a vivid picture of the future that is second to none. His imagination is almost prophetic as he boldly presents his idea of futuristic society and the direction of mankind. Huxley’s imaginary society in the ‘Brave New World’ controls citizens through physiological manipulation during birth, psychological conditioning while growing up and a hallucinogenic drug called ‘Soma’ to provide instant gratification (Huxley 15). Although these techniques are said to eradicate class discrimination, religion and unhappiness, it paves the way for a lackluster, grey world deprived of any real life and creative ideas. Huxley’s visions of technology of the future such as genetic engineering, mind-altering drugs and bio-technological advances are quite startling. In spite of having classic science-fiction traits, there is a Shakespearean character as well as weak-minded and strong-spirited human characters in the book that one can relate to. The ‘Brave New World’ is a book with several subtle layers that is entertaining and enlightening at the same time. Although the subject matter of the book is quite dense, it is presented in satirical fashion. Huxley’s Ford analogy explains how technology is also an illusion to exercise control, which has been put in place to replace previous control mechanisms such as religion. Huxley’s political commentary describing an anti-utopian society controlled by a totalistic government is relevant, even in today’s context. Although the centralized world government’ claims technology to be advancing, it merely improves upon existing technologies and fails to make any new breakthroughs in science, thereby keeping people ignorant. The manipulative government also restricts reproduction and promotes polygamous physical relationship, thereby killing meaningful family values and moral gratification. One of the most intriguing issues raised by Huxley’s work is the true meaning of happiness. It makes one reexamine life and realize that happiness is not merely avoidance of pain, conforming to societal norms and amassing wealth. Huxley, through the depiction of the totalitarian government, tries to explain the evils of people losing power and one body exercising absolute control over the masses. Although the book is over seventy-five years old, it is still very relevant in our contemporary political scenario. Huxley’s work also seeks out to enlighten the world about the importance of individuality and freedom of thought. It ultimately makes a statement that blind conformity backed up by fear will only lead to complete surrender of the human mind and soul. On careful analysis, one would come to realize that the fictional society portrayed in Brave New World is not merely a work of Huxley’s fantasy, but actually an extrapolation of our degrading societal values such as greed, meaningless relationships and hyper- consumerism. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein tells us about the consequences of technology over-stepping the nature’s boundaries. It shares recurring themes with Brave New World such as scientists creating life by going against the laws of nature. In both the books, the characters try to use technology to better mankind, but eventually end up making things worse. Both the authors feel that unchecked growth of technology could lead to dire consequences. In the book ‘On the Genealogy of Morals`, Nietzsche reveals the moral crisis that industrialization had brought to the lives of people. Though he believes that human life would be better without religion, he feels human beings need a moral frame of reference to be disciplined. Nietzsche and Huxley share a common view on religion keeping down humans from realizing their true potential. Again, nihilism of established standards and belief systems to enhance human life are common in both the authors’ works. Fyodor Dostoevsky in ‘The Grand Inquisitor’ portrays the return of Jesus Christ and his arrest by the Spanish Inquisition. God is blamed for bestowing freedom upon human beings and thereby making them suffer (Dostoevsky 249). The Church starts to work with the devil to end human suffering, wherein only a few posses freedom while the rest live and die blissfully in ignorance. This theme in Dostoevsky’s parable parallels the Brave New World’s totalitarian government ruling over the ignorant people of the world who are free from pain. I believe our world is moving towards Huxley’s prediction of universal singularity. We are witnessing our freedoms being taken away right under noses by the government, under the pretense of security and progress. We are seeing the decline of families and a blind urge for physical gratification running rampant driven by mindless television entertainment. We are also observing alarmingly higher levels of consumption as well as production, while original thought is gradually deteriorating. Technology is growing exponentially and becoming more and more pervasive by the day. However, in spite of all this, people do not seem to be enjoying true ‘happiness’ and are turning towards anti-depressants to relieve stress, thereby reiterating Huxley’s vision again. Works Cited Page Dostoevsky, Fyodor. â€Å"The Grand Inquisitor†. The Brothers Karamazov. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000. 246-264. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Harper & Row Publishers, 1969. Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the Genealogy of Morals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Pocket Books, 2004.

How Ponyboy Changes Throughht the Outsiders Essay

I hereby give my consent to have an athletic trainer, coach, team manager, emergency medical technician, nurse, medical treatment facility, and/or doctor of medicine or dentistry or associated personnel provide the applicant/participant with medical assistance and/or treatment and agree to be financially responsible for the cost of such assistance and/or treatment. I understand treatment for injury will be based on information provided herein. I hereby authorize emergency transportation of the applicant/participant to a medical treatment facility should an individual listed above consider it to be warranted. I recognize the possibility of physical injury associated with soccer, and hereby release, discharge, and otherwise indemnify the club, US Club Soccer, their sponsors, the USSF and its affiliated organizations, and the employees and associated personnel of these organizations, against any claim by or on behalf of the soccer player named above as a result of that player’s participation in US Club Soccer programs and/or being transported to or from the same, which transportation.

Analysing The Political Cartoons - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9631 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The political cartoons about the Irish troubles drawn by a number of prominent cartoonists in the early 1970s differed sharply from the cartoons produced by artists during the peace process in the 1990s. Arguably this could be down to a number of factors. Firstly, cartoonists in the 1970s were much more likely to attack specific groups of people the Irish themselves have been targets of British supremacist derision for several hundred years, and have been depicted in a derogatory light in cartoons since cartoons were first printed. Second, the situation was considerably more grave in the 1970s than it was in the 1990s although the IRA were still established and effective in the 1990s, the 1970s saw the most bloodshed, and therefore, it must have been very difficult to perceive what was a complex and (to some) ridiculous situation in Ireland without knocking the Irish for propagating and sustaining this idea of religious sectarianism. The complex political situation in Ireland that had arisen as a result of four hundred years of religious complexity between the dominant British Protestant landowners, who held the political reins, and the oppressed Irish Catholics, ultimately had a great impact on the British interpretation of the Irish throughout the generations, and also upon the representation of the English in Irish journalistic literature and art. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysing The Political Cartoons" essay for you Create order Thus, a particular view of the Irish came to be represented in the British media, which tended to emerge whenever there were specific troubles within Ireland or else among the Irish in Britain. These stereotypes, especially of the Irish, can be said to be at their most potent during the time of the political troubles in Ireland. The resultant swathe of political cartoons that were printed on a regular basis in the daily newspapers in both Ireland and Britain, particularly during the political unrest and violence of the early 1970s, tended to push the Irish into a subcategory of their own, denied of their identity as autonomous individuals, subjected and represented by a more dominant political force, namely, the English. The history of the cartoon in respect of this tradition of Irish caricaturing is interesting, as it reveals a rich history of treating the Irishman as a figure of derision and ridicule however, it is more interesting to note that this figure changed throughout the years and, especially with the increase of militancy among the grass-roots of Irish working class communities, saw the emergence of the cartoon depiction of the Irishman as a simian, bestial, uncivilised caricature, often wielding knifes and other implements, and driven by a fervid passion to kill, much like zombies from a horror film. The history of political cartoons goes back to the eighteenth century. However, technological developments in photography changed the nature of cartoons at the turn of the century, in many ways shaping the type of cartoon we see in newspapers nowadays: Fitzgerald, in Art and Politics (1973) argues that: [The photograph] simply replicated the surface structure of life; it did not normally give it a depth of interpretation or meaning. Thus, the photograph didnt entirely remove the need for the political cartoon, and in a sense, established the medium of the cartoon as a more biting representation of political and social malaises: The political cartoon on the other hand sought to disrupt daily life, to make jokes and stage whispers and asides at the process if everyday life. [] The political cartoon was by its nature more subversive [than the photograph]. So, the nature of the political cartoon is to satirize and to comment upon, using visual imagery and caricature, the complexities of the cartoonists imagination / ideological persuasions. The effect of satirising political situations, and the placing of topical events into the medium of the cartoon, at least according to the cartoonists themselves, is largely arbitrary in its effect on the population: Measuring the extent of the cartoonists influence on public opinion is a much more difficult, if not impossible task. [] Many cartoonists are [] dubious about its power. Conversely, however, governments have always stepped in to control the production and the distribution of subversive cartoons. This suggests that they do possess a certain amount of impact when discussing or lampooning political leaders and people of significance: French caricaturists of the 1830s who dared mock King Louis Philippe were fined and imprisoned; New York cartoonists criticisms of municipal corruption prompted government officials to attempt to pass an anti-cartoon law in 1897; and even in the modern era, when political cartoonists are prizes rather than prison sentences, satirists in totalitarian states have suffered harsh censure. Indeed, some of the more subversive work of cartoonists have frequently stirred up controversy, especially concerning the representation of the Irish in British cartoons. In The Irish, by cartoonist for the Evening Standard, JAK, the representation of the Irish caused controversy that, with Ken Livingstones recent Nazi comments about the Evening Standard, continues to plague the political scene today: none can excuse the fact that [The Irish] represents one of the most appalling examples of anti-Irish cartoon racism since the Victorian era. [] As a result of complaints made by many people in Britain, the Greater London Council, under its leader Ken Livingstone, withdrew its advertising from the Standard and demanded a full apology, which was refused. The cartoon itself equates the Irish with death and barbarism, with the words: The Ultimate in Psychopathic Horror: The Irish. Although angered by the IRA bombings and the killing of innocents, this inability to describe the political complexities of the Irish, reducing them instead to a monstrous racial stereotype, not altogether unique in the cartoons of the time, tends to simplify, and thus promote Irish resentment during the period. However, in the second period I will be discussing in this piece, namely the late 1990s, the cartoons drawn by people like Martyn Turner during the peace process of the John Major and Tony Blair governments differ wildly from this tendency to demonise and / or denigrate the entire nation of Ireland instead the cartoonists eye is drawn to subversive representations of the bureaucracy and the players within that complex and impenetrable political chess game that the Irish peace process became in the eyes of the public. The cartoons drawn, generally, seem less provoked by Irish or British resentment, and more represent a more benign form of political satire, that being the politics of government rather than the (sometimes militaristic) persuasions of the Irish population. The crude and hurtful Irish stereotype as barbaric, brutish and stupid are discarded instead, the governmental players are the main focus for the satirists eye. There was a period in the early 1970s when an impending civil war in Ireland seemed inevitable, with clashes between British paramilitary and Loyalist groups in a state of near-war. A number of paramilitary organisations were formed in Protestant working-class areas to counter-balance the activities of the Provisionals and carry out attacks on Catholic areas. As the IRA increased its campaign of shootings and bombings, 1972 became the most violent year of the Troubles with 467 deaths in Northern Ireland, 321 of which were civilian casualties. The work of the cartoonists of the period assumed a similarly grave and polemical nature, as often the caricaturists and the cartoonists of the period would be divided between Catholic / Protestant, as well as down British / Irish lines. The problems with British intervention as peacekeepers culminated in the Bloody Sunday massacre of 30 January 1972, where British troops opened fire on unarmed catholic protesters: It was in January 1972 that the British Army shot and killed thirteen civilians in Derry, writing another disaster into Anglo-Irish history. Bloody Sunday, as it was called, was commemorated twenty years later in 1992 with bitterness and anger. The representation of the British paramilitary presence in Ireland divided cartoonists, and the culmination of the supposed folly of British intervention in Northern Ireland reached boiling point with Bloody Sunday. Thus, politics and ideology in 1970s reached such a stage that generalisation and ignorance about the Irish situation abounded, signalling a return to the grotesque caricaturing seen in Punch in Victorian times. The political complexities, difficult as they were to sum up in a simple argument, were thus heavily simplified by a number of British cartoonists, and this gross simplification often led to the demonisation of the Irish as a whole. This is demonstrated by both the cartoons of Cummings and in the highly controversial cartoon, The Irish, printed in the Evening Standard, in which all Irish citizens are tarred with the same brush. Again this differs greatly from the work of Martyn Turner, who I will focus on in greater depth; his cartoons are steeped in the complexities of the Irish situation, the bureaucratic and political turmoil of the Irish peace process in the 1990s, and its eventual resolution in a ceasefire. Thus, the body of Martyn Turners work in a sense tells us how the political cartoon, especially the market for this particular brand of political cartoon has changed from representing the opinion of the ignorant masses, to enlightening and stimulating an informed few. Martyn Turner strays away from the traditions of social stereotyping, choosing instead to focus on the political bureaucracy and its many players. His cartoons are effective on a number of distinct levels, and his work is predominantly concerned with satirizing political institutions and their players, rather than making sweeping and hurtful gestures about a whole group of people. Especially from the overtly racist work of the 1970s, we see a resurgence of the Irishman as a simian stereotype, who is either drawn to carnage and violence, or else is too stupid to conduct his own affairs with any degree of control. In Cummings work of the early 1970s, we see the Irish represented as racial stereotypes. In this dissertation, I will look firstly at the development of this stereotype, how it developed from an idealised representation of Ireland in the 18th century, to the myth of stupid, impulsive, apelike creatures in publications such as Punch in the mid-nineteenth century. From this I will then turn to representations of the Irish (and of the British involvement in Ireland) in the 1970s, looking especially at pieces of work that explicitly and blatantly attack Irish culture, using a stereotype that is both broadly racist, the only effect of which is to emphasise the lack of understanding and the bigotry in which a great swathe of British citizenry lived. History of Stereotypes in Cartoons James Gillray (1757-1815) is widely reputed as being the first great British cartoonist. In his work, the notion of the Irish as simian tends to prevail, and they, along with the French, are seen as barbaric, stupid, tokens of otherness that one tends to associate with any representation of a minority and / or, a barbaric outsider. In United Irishmen upon Duty, printed on 12 June 1798, Gillray attacks the dissident Irishmen: It depicts the rebel United Irishmen as mere agents of destruction and pillage, without political or moral principles. [] The cartoon is one of several in which Gillray simianises the belligerent Irish. Thus, the reduction of the Irish to bestial stereotypes has a long history, that frequently makes a return whenever there is a reason for projecting hatred or condescension onto the Irish nation. In Paddy on Horseback, Gillray encapsulates the view of the Irish as stupid. In the picture, the Irishman has unkempt hair and a protruding jaw, however, he still possesses human, rather than simian features: OConnor suggests that: The early cartoons from the 18th century are openly racist, portraying the Irish as ignorant peasants barefoot, ragged and thick. Indeed, the image of the Irishman as a figure to poke fun at, and to label as the typical fool of caricature continues in a rich vein in British cartoons dating from this period. Slightly later, George Cruikshank uses the Irish to poke fun at. In The Two Irish Labourers, which features two Irishmen climbing a ladder and getting mixed up, George Cruikshank [] illustrates the antiquity of the English view of the Irish as objects of laughter and derision. This cartoon isnt political in its persuasion, but merely points out that, traditionally, and as the millions of jokes and put-downs featuring Irishmen in the punchline, the Irish could be used effectively to represent a typical stupid or ignorant person, who gets things mixed up or wrong. Thus, the re-emergence of these traditional Irish representations in the 1970s, when contextualised in a rich history of Irish racism, isnt particularly surprising. Punch magazine, published in the 1840s, became widely famous for its derogatory representation of the Irish as silly, warmongering, and ignorant, and signalled another re-emergence of this historical Irish stereotype, this time, and thanks to the scientific identification of racial stereotypes, the Irishman became more linked to representations of the Negro in mass art than to the civilised, aristocratic Brit. Thus, in Harpers weekly in 1898, the Negro, with protruding jaw, upturned nose and large eyes, according to this very subjective illustration, actually equates the perception of the Irishman with the perception of the Negro. By contrast, the profile of an Anglo-Teutonic appears in the centre, and, with long nose, strong jawline and fairer hair, appears less simian in appearance. This representation of the Irishman as a Negro, who is frequently seen as being untrustworthy, rapacious and animalistic in persuasion, is resurrected by a number of cartoonists in the 1970s as an ideal way of explaining, or at least glossing over the complex nature of the Irish situation. In What was so marvellous by Cummings, he represents the current political situation in Ireland as a n exercise in British colonialism. Edward Heath and, then Home Secretary Reginald Maudling sit at a desk with a soldier on top of a map of Ireland. In the background, a soldier is seen walking through India, Cyprus, Kenya and Malaya. The caption underneath reads: What was so marvellous about the rest of the British Commonwealth was that we could always leave it. The superiority with which Cummings regards Britain in relation to Ireland is striking, insofar as it essentially depicts Ireland as a dispossessed, colonized country, and glosses over the significant problems that the presence of British troops in Ireland actually caused. Of course, this view has some historical significance. The governing elite in Ireland following the invasion in 1690 laid the foundations for a Protestant Ireland for nearly two centuries, and those in charge of Irish affairs were essentially protestants descended from English colonialists, using parliament to enact stifling and repressive legislation against the catholics, which culminated in removing the right for catholics to own land. This of course led up to the potato famine, which killed millions. Thus, the colonialist implications of Cummings cartoon flippantly portrays a reality in a fairly hurtful and bitter way. In Apes and Angels, an overview of how the caricature developed in British cartooning, Curtis Jr. suggests that: During the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century the stereotypical Paddy or Teague of English cartoon and caricature underwent a significant change. In sharp contrast to the regular, even handsome features of the wild Irishman or woodkern of the Elizabethan and early Stuart period, such as may be found in abundance in John Derrickes The Image of Irelande, with a discoverie of Woodkarne, first published in 1581, and different too, from the brutish, slovenly faces of Irish peasants appearing in prints dating from the reign of George III, the dominant Victorian stereotype of Paddy looked far more like an ape than a man. This reduction of the Irishman to animal is one that begins to return sporadically when the political situation gets grave once again in the 1970s. In these cartoons, often the complexity of the political situation is whitewashed, or else no attempt whatsoever is made to describe the Irish problem in terms of satire or a representation of different sectors of Irish society: conveniently, the Irish are placed into one single melting-pot, with no distinction or difference made between Catholicism, Protestantism, or of any of the different groups or classes that were at play in the turmoil that led up to bloody Sunday. Curtis Jr. suggests that the sudden stereotyping of the Irish may have been as a result of politics of a different type namely, immigration: There was nothing specifically Irish about a projecting lower jaw until the 1840s, when thousands of Irish immigrants were pouring into England and Scotland, most of them destitute and many of them diseased. So, much like modern views and prejudices surrounding asylum seekers, as well as Jews in the 1930s, the right-wing presses also found their target in Victorian times, namely, the Irish. This introduction of class into the issue adds another level of complexity to the issue. Often, the fighting Irishmen are seen crammed together into terrace houses, itself a sign of working-class life and a form of living regarded by the more middle-class newspapers as being inherently intolerable, just as their barbarity was regarded as stupid, brash and ignorant in Victorian issues of Punch. Thus, Curtis Jr., says that The antecedents of this stereotype were just as widespread as the conviction in England and Scotland that the Irish were inherently inferior and quite unfit to manage their own af fairs. Indeed, the superimposition of ideas onto the Irish is in itself exacerbated by the caricaturing of the entirity of the Irish race, essentially robbing them of the individuality of their own voices and subsequently their own autonomy. Punch magazine spearheaded a movement to caricature and derogate the Irish in cartoons: it soon became clear that Irishmen, in particular the more politicized among then, were the favourite target of both writers and cartoonists. Marion H. Spielmann, the chronicler of Punch, wrote that the comic weekly acquired a reputation for being anti-Irish during and after the 1850s. An example of this anti-Irish sentiment can be found in John Leechs Young Ireland in Business for Himself (August 22, 1846), in which a grotesque monster sells blunderbusss next to the sign pretty little pistols for pretty little children. Thus, we are given the preconception that the Irish are violent, stupid and ugly. In John Tenniels The Irish Frankenstein, a sophisticated, British man tries to stave off a giant beast holding a bloodied knife. Thus, the bestial, simian qualities of the caricature emerge. This is especially pointed when the Irishman begins to demand autonomy: When Irishman turned to political agitation and began to demand an end to British rule, then Punch changed his tune, and, according to Spielmann, the artists began to picture the Irish political outrage-mongering peasant as a cross between a garrotter and a gorilla. Thus, perhaps the simionisation of the Irish stereotype is more as a result of the politicisation of the Irish working-class, which presumably the British cartoonist, especially one working for Punch, a deeply conservative publication, would feel threatened by. Thus, we have to also consider notions of class, as well as racial stereotyping: The only Celt to be flattered and admired b y Punchs cartoonists was Hibernia, the intensely feminine symbol of Ireland, whose haunting beauty conveyed some of the sufferings of the Irish people. In The Fenian-Pest, published in Punch on March 3, 1866, Hibernia turns to her sister, Brittania as a grotesque, derogatory rendition of an Irishman peers at her with animalistic desire. Wallach suggests that: Tenniel, depicts the rebellious Irishmen, those troublesome people, as ape-like and unkempt. The main Irish character glares menacingly at Britannia, with his mouth agape and a sword-like weapon partially concealed under his coat. Behind him are other Fenians, chaotically amassed and presumably anxious to make trouble. Here the stereotype of Irishmen as violent, simian and disorganized reveals itself. Indeed it is interesting the Hibernia, the only character that is celebrated in Punch, or at least not attacked on grounds of racial profiling, is one that is divorced from the traditionally masculine realm of political persuasion. In this particular cartoon, she is seen in the pose of desperately running from the Irish monster, and this traditional of derogation of the Irishman, especially the politicised Irishman, continues throughout history, making a controversial reappearance during the political conflicts of the 1970s. Cummings, who drew cartoons in the 1970s for the Daily Express, uses similar prejudices to generate humour in a situation regarded by the British as increasingly confused. In Were pagan missionaries, Cummings depicts a group of pagans, coming over the sea and saving the Irish from their imminent self-destruction. The caption at the bottom reads: Were Pagan missionaries come to try and make peace among the bloodthirsty Christians. The Irishmen are shown crammed together, on the opposite sides of a terrace block, and details include a lop-sided dustbin, and a sign in the middle of the street, reading: Cage: To keep the wild animals apart. Again we return to the generally held perception of Irishmen as a race of sub-human animals: The Cummings cartoon reflects this British incomprehension in its depiction of primitive tribesmen arriving to reconcile the barbarous Irish, who seem intent on tearing each other apart. The racist implication is that black, presumably African, tribesmen are more civilised than the Christian Northern Irish, who have now slipped below even primitive pagans in their innate barbarity. Thus, Cummings seems to extract his political humour mainly from the use of stereotype and conceptions of otherness. The British army is seen ironically as a pagan tribe, which obviously alludes to the primitive tribes that the Britishers colonised in the past. Therefore, the Irish are depicted as being even more primitive than this. Cummings cartoon ideas are steeped in the long tradition of pompous anti-Irish cartoons and jokes. The cartoon [] reinforces stereotypical notions of the Irish as violent and blacks as primitive, and makes no attempt to convey any understanding of the underlying causes of conflict other than religious bigotry. This is a reflection of a commonly held view about the political situation in Ireland. It seemed baffling to some of the British that two essentially Christian religions should be fighting, and the cartoons by Cummings highlights this innate superiority that the British has by portraying itself as heroes in trying to resolve the Irish conflict. Similarly, Cummings sides again with the British army in How Marvellous it would be, printed in the Daily Express, on 12 August 1970. Cummings naively treats the British influence in Ireland as completely benign. A beaten up solider stands between two monsters, one of which is wearing a t-shirt called Ulster Catholics, the other called Ulster Protestants. They run for each other, as the soldier, more diminutive in presence and, in case we didnt know his nationality, sports a Union Jack on his forehead. Over his head towers a plethora of miscellany socks, broken bottles and rocks again, the two warring factions are apelike, bestial and violent in nature. The caption underneath reads How marvellous it would be if they DID knock each other insensible!. Thus, the patronising and condescending nature of the cartoon asserts itself more. The implication underlying both cartoons is that the irrational nature of the Irish question can only be explained through some form of racial madness. Indeed, the racial implications, coupled with the inability, or reluctance to try and articulate and represent the complexities of the Irish situation in an easily digestible format, assists in depriving Ireland of a voice of seeing Ireland and the Irish as a colonised island, once more exacerbating catholic (and protestant the shifting of parliament to Westminster had the effect of causing offence to both Unionists and building support in working class catholic areas for the I.R.A.) tensions; furthermore adding support to the notion that Britain was indeed an occupying force in Ireland, and that the only means from which the British could be removed from Ireland was through paramilitary force. Cummings later said that the IRAs violence make them look like apes though thats rather hard luck on the apes. Of course, Cummings views on the IRA, their uses of violence and barbarism would never be particularly popular, but Cummings doesnt even try to consider their opinions, and lowers himself instead to racial stereotyping and bigotry. The cartoon by Cummings is rendered especially nave by the events of Bloody Sunday. Of course, this stereotype has been resurrected many times since the 18th century, but, during Victorian times something in particular happened to the representation of the Irishman. According to Douglas, R., et al.: The equation between militant Irish nationalism and a savage bestial nature achieved its apogee [] in the Punch cartoons of the Victorian era. And this bestial nature was resurrected whenever war or conflict required an easily categorised and common enemy. Certainly the most politically controversial cartoon drawn during the Anglo-Irish conflict was The Irish by JAK, for the Evening Standard on 29 October 1982. In it, a bystander is seen looking at an enormous billboard poster. It says: Emerald Isle snuff movies present the ultimate in psychopathic horror, then in enormous letters underneath, The Irish. The image seems designed to both shock and to reinforce the traditional stereotype of the Irish as bestial and bloodthirsty. A horde of Irish stereotypes, bloated and bestial, wielding daggers, drills, dynamite, saws and other crude forms of weaponry all fight in a orgiastic frenzy over a hill of graves. The caption underneath on the poster says: Featuring the I.R.A., I.N.L.A., U.D.F., P.F.F., U.D.A., etc. etc.. Thus, every political group of every political persuasion is placed under the same violent and caricatured image of Irish barbarity. It is apparent that the cartoon would be controversial. The Irish, featuring a cast of degenerate nationalist and loyalist paramilitaries, whose initials appear at the bottom of the poster. Not only is there no attempt to explain Irish political complexities or distinguish between different paramilitary groups, the cartoonist irresponsibly homogenises the Irish as a race of psychopathic monsters who delight in violence and bloodshed. The political reaction to this cartoon had far-reaching implications, and the Evening Standard had advertising money cut from London Council, then headed by Ken Livingstone, if a full apology wasnt issued, which wasnt. It is apparent that the power of the cartoon to shock and to provoke resonates profoundly through political circles, certainly as regards the more overtly racist images of Irish paramilitary groups, that depict an Irish nation that is both stupid, confused, poor and drawn genetically to acts of barbarity and violence. One notable feature of some British cartoons about the troubles is their tendency to resurrect the simian stereotype to present a view of republican and loyalist paramilitaries as sub-human psychopaths, a feature which merely served to perpetuate British ignorance and misunderstanding of the complex nature of the conflict. Indeed, ignorance of the complexities of the political situation in Ireland, indeed, an absolute denial of the British influence and the disruption in Ireland, led to strengthening the anti-Irish fervour, and many cartoonists that used this idea for a cheap joke, may have done unnecessary harm to the establishment of peace among Loyalists, and the Irish in general already racked with anti-British tension. Although the cartoon cannot be justified entirely, it can certainly be contextualised by the political situation at the time the cartoon appeared: [The Irish] appeared at a time when paramilitary violence showed no sign of abating and when Anglo-Irish relations were still strained as a result of the southern governments neutral attitude towards Britain during the Falklands war. In July, two IRA bombs in London had killed eight people and injured over fifty others. Indeed, it is interesting that, when political and social situations are most strained, the simian stereotype re-emerges in cartoons. Overall, the simianisation of the Irish in cartoons has had a long historical legacy that dates back as far as the history of the political cartoon itself. In a situation of conflict, especially considering the supposed lack of knowledge surrounding the Irish situation in the 1970s, many of the cartoons represent this tendency towards returning to the historical stereotype of the Irish as bestial, monstrous sub-human, whose thirst for blood remains intrinsically linked to the racial characteristics of the people. The representation of the British presence in Ireland, especially with the work of Cummings, and JAK, is seen in turns as a fruitless endeavour designed to bring peace to a nation that stubbornly clings to the historical notion of religious difference, or else are innately drawn to barbarity. Although these were not the only cartoons represented at the time, and there were some more sympathetic representations of the Irish situation, that tried to explain in pictures and simple captions the complexity of a political situation in Ireland, this return to the overtly, explicitly racist was definitely a theme in the 1970s cartoons, and served either to reflect the general confusion prevalent at the time concerning the troubles in Ireland, or else exacerbated this confounded hostility towards the Irish in general that certain sections of the British population must have felt. Political Representations of the 1970s Crisis in Ireland The Irish representations of the conflict differ insofar as they offer the viewer of the cartoon a more balanced, albeit anti-British view of the political conflict during the crisis. Gerald Scarfe provides a more sensitive body of work than what was usual in the British press during the time of the political troubles in Ireland. In Untitled, printed in the Sunday Times on 14 March 1971, blood runs into a lake from three graves on a hill, there to represent the deaths of three soldiers, two of which were lured into a pub and killed by the provisional I.R.A., the militant arm of the I.R.A. A crack in the dam pours blood onto a peaceful community, and provides another perspective on the Irish troubles in the 1970s that go beyond that of stereotype, confusion and resentment, instead providing a sympathetic and tender view of the events. Indeed, the representation of the political struggles at the time, in cartoons could be both chillingly regressive, and inspired of course, the Irish c onflict polarised opinion, insofar as the lines could be drawn down difference between the British and the Irish, or else Protestant and Catholic fronts. This tendency to promote one particular view of the events highlights the struggle that cartoonists must have found when trying to find humour beyond the resentment and the anger at both the violence, which some people, especially in Britain, saw as unnecessary, and a particularly stubborn and irreconcilably oppositional set of ideologies in Ireland on the brink of civil war. Naturally, Irish cartoonists provided the least racist of stereotypes, but there are also instances of British cartoonists trying to show sympathy for a situation that was, essentially, down to the protestant invasion of Ireland, some 400 years ago, and the ritualised and systematic suppression of the catholics present there by William of Orange, which laid the foundations for a wholly protestant ruled Ireland for nearly 200 years. Gerald Scarfe, in How to Make the Irish Stew, printed in the Sunday Times on the 15 August 1971, tries to go some way into explaining the conflict to the audience. He shows a pot with two crosses and a corpse in it. A paragraph down the side says: How to make Irish stew. Take Ireland. Mix in catholics and protestants. Add potato famine to reduce mixture. Stir in English absentee landlords. Bring to slow boil and simmer for four centuries. Later pour in British army. Squeeze catholics. Add nail bombs and rubber bullets (lead if preferred). Cook on C.S. high speed gas and retire. Beneath a corpse lays strewn on a plate the caption reads, the finished dish. In the background are the rows of dilapidated houses that one had come to associate with the bloody conflicts between working-class catholics, the main recruitment ground for the Provisional I.R.A., and the working class protestant areas, associated similarly with militant unionist groups. Of course, Scarfe was in a minority in trying to offer the reader such a complex and word-heavy cartoon. As violence increased in 1971, few English cartoonists addressed the complicated nature of the issues which underpinned the Northern Irish problem. This tendency to over-simplify a complex situation was widespread in Britain, and goes some way towards explaining the persistence of the Troubles. Indeed because of the nature of this war as inherently local (a great number of Irish ex-pats lived in Britain), the British cartoonists and their simplification of a political system down to ancient notions of racism and / or exacerbating the political naivity prevalent at the time, would only serve to cause harm. However, to actually try to communicate a complex and multi-layered message in a cartoon could be argued as being an oxymoron. The cartoon thrives on simplicity, thus, perhaps the racial stereotyping, the hurtful caricatures painting the Irish as a universally bestial, apelike civilisation was necessary in sustaining that communicative edge that cartoonists required. Fitzgerald argues that: The style of mass artist was one of conscious simplification suitable for news media and the printing press. Art in the twentieth century predominantly tended to create a form more and more inaccessible to any but the cognoscenti. And insofar as Cezanne and others attempted to develop simplicity, it was an abstract simplicity that only a sophisticated art viewer could immediately appreciate. Indeed, the mass artist or cartoonist often has to work within established boundaries of pictorial simplicity in order to get the message across to the audience. Because the cartoonist is working in the mass media and the mass media is linked intrinsically to a system whereby the newspaper has to sell papers, then obviously, the message has to be as clear cut as possible, and to eschew the seemingly natural inclination for cartoons to degenerate into racist stereotype could, in many ways, be seen as the central ambition for the cartoonist at the time of this political conflict. Of course, this ideal was not always adhered to. Bloody Sunday marked a turning point in the conflict in Ireland, because British troops could no longer masquerade as a neutral force in Ireland, and it was seemingly impossible to reconcile their role as peacekeepers with the killing of innocent, unarmed civilians. However, the situation after Bloody Sunday was ambiguous enough for a variety of views, often cut along lines of nationality, to emerge. Coogan suggests that: Initially, the protest passed off in a peaceful fashion, but, as it concluded, the inevitable Derry fusilier began throwing stones. The army replied with water cannon and rubber bullets and the crowds were forced back. Suddenly, Wade observed PIGS, armed personnel carriers, approaching. Doors were flung open and, [] the paratroopers hurled themselves forward. The aftermath of Bloody Sunday, presumably, was a difficult time for cartoonists to actually try to extract humour from such a devastating event. However, the resultant confusion did lead to a great variety of cartoon work to be produced of great ideological variety. The Irish press, in particular, took a more cynical view of the events. In And now for, printed in the Irish Times, on 5 February 1972, conveys with some scepticism, the public enquiry, called the Widgery Report, that was launched in order to investigate the events at Bloody Sunday. In it, Maudling wields a paintbrush coated in whitewash, while two British troops carry guns. Maudling says, as he reaches forward to coat the armed troops, And now for the independent enquiry. The cynicism about the public enquiry was rife in the Irish print media at the time of Bloody Sunday, and the resulting verdict by the judge only served to exacerbate the feeling that, once again, the atrocities against the Catholics had been covered up by British intelligence: The image of Maudling preparing to whitewash the British army for Lord Widgery accurately represents the prevailing sense of injustice felt by many nationalists on the publication of the Widgery Report in April 1972. By finding that the army had done its best in difficult circumstances, the judge was widely accused in Ireland of presenting a whitewash. Indeed, the whole of the mainstream media in Britain tended to promote this particular view, and the bitterness that presumably provoked the entire event spilled out into the media representations of the event: I well remember watching General Ford on BBC television that night as he defended what had happened. Looking and sounding every inch the epitome of an officer and a gentleman, he said: Paratroopers did not go in there shooting. In fact they did not fire until they were fired upon and my information at the moment is that the 3rd battalion fired three rounds altogether, after theyd had something between ten and twenty fired at them. So, the problems with interpretation resided in the fact that, because of the highly sensitive and political nature of the event, the exact truth was difficult to extract from the melange of different views and interpretations. Thus, battle lines were drawn between Irish opinion and British opinion. The Irish Times tended to side with the (now proven to be correct) opinion that the British government were covering up the embarrassment of Bloody Sunday, meanwhile the British press largely took the view that the catholics who complained about Bloody Sunday were simply using the situation for political gain. JAK, in the weeks following the enquiry, decides to caricature the political situation: [Bernadette] Devlin punched Reginald Maudling, the Secretary of State for the Home Department in the Conservative government, when he made a statement to Parliament on Bloody Sunday supporting the British Army line that it had fired only in self-defence. Devlin had witnessed the event and was infuriated that, although parliamentary convention decreed that any M.P. witnessing an incident under discussion would be granted an opportunity to speak about it in parliament, she had been consistently denied the chance to speak. She was suspended from Parliament for 6 months. JAK represents Bernadette Devlin as an impetuous child, as she accused Maudling of being a murdering hypocrite. Until the outbreak of violence in August 1969, Devil had been a popular figure with the British press and had been featured in several flattering cartoon poses. Aged twenty-one, she was the youngest person ever to be elected to Westminster in the modern era and presented a confident, youthful image. JAK reverses this image by depicting her as an impetuous young child who is politically immature and lacking in self-control Thus, the previously heralded political starlet was attacked for her reaction to the Bloody Sunday fiasco and, as an actual eyewitness to the events, is tarred with the same brush as other Irish representations that had re-emerged in cartoons at the time of the conflict. This is interesting, because her involvement in the events of Bloody Sunday essentially label her a sympathiser with the causes of the working-clas catholics, and therefore, in JAKs cartoon, she is subsequently denigrated and forced to embody the same caricature. Despite Devlins unorthodox methods in bringing the hypocrisies of Bloody Sunday to the forefront of political discussion, she is pictured in By Jove, printed in the Evening Standard on 2 February 1972, as being a child, manhandled by two men. Although the caption attacks Reginald Maudling, by saying By Jove, that nearly woke Reggie up!, as he was famous for going to sleep during House of Commons meetings, it is Bernadette Devlin who seems to be portrayed in the worst light. Because of her decision to react directly to the actions in parliament, some cartoonists from Britain decided to use this in order to increase anti-Irish sentiment, and thus the general air of bitterness surrounding the event. Her lack of self-control could easily be seen as returning her to the world of Irish stereotype indeed, as she is seen straining against the two people, the picture is both condescending, and regressive as regards her stature as a politician. Of course, to say that all news media in Britain was anti-Irish at the time would be to deny the massive voice of opposition to the Irish occupation: Coogan states that: The force of this assertion [that the dead were not killed by British troops] was somewhat lessened by a report a day later from Brian Cashinella of The Times in which he reported hearing Ford call out: Go on, the paras. Go and get them. Cashinella said that the paratroopers appeared to relish their work, and their eagerness manifested itself, to me, mainly in their shouting, cursing, and ribald language. Most of them seemed to regard the Bogsiders and people who took part in the parade as legitimate targets. Indeed, the turmoil that resulted from the events at Bloody Sunday led to a situation whereupon it was almost impossible for a cartoonist not to take sides. Because of the nature of cartoons; their innate simplicity and their tendency to simplify complex arguments, it was nearly impossible to remain unbiased in a conflict that had suddenly become polarised in the extreme. The disastrous events of the Bloody Sunday massacre succeeded in putting everybody either on the side of the British or else on the side of the Irish, and also helped gain support for the Provisional I.R.A., which believed wholeheartedly in utilising terrorist and violent actions in order to gain catholic independence in Ireland. The Politicisation of Cartoons in the 1990s. Of course, the cartoons as represented in the 1970s arent apolitical as such, but, possibly because of the nature of the violence enacted upon Irish and British citizens, coupled with the anti-Irish sentiment in the air at the time, they tended to focus on the Irish as a separate and distinct race, and thus the complexities of the political situation was glossed over in order to simplify and condemn the Irish and / or the British people. In the 1990s, the object of ridicule for the satirist seemed to shift from promoting and reinstalling the traditional Irish stereotype, to lampooning instead the political system and the characters that worked within. Central to this style of deeply political cartoon drawing was Martyn Turner. Martyn Turner was born in Essex, but moved to Belfast where he experienced the years of the sectarian struggle between protestant and catholics. This had a profound effect on his cartoons, which concentrate on the complexities and the peculiarities of, specifically, the peace process: I learned that the dilapidated streets I passed through on the airport road were both Protestant and Catholic. I learned not to be stupid enough to suggest some sort of working-class revolt might be in the offing, because there was no working class. There was a Protestant working class and a Catholic working class, Protestant Boy Scouts and Catholic Boy Scouts, Protestant atheists and Catholic atheists, and rare the twain shall meet. Martyn Turners cartoons reflect this knowledge of the streets of Belfast in a way that other cartoonists wouldnt, and thus he manages to negotiate the complex arguments yet remain humorous. In a fashion, his cartoons harken back to Gillray. Certainly, the great majority of Turners cartoons are exceptionally complex and allegorical, but they are also heavily steeped in the politics of the peace process, and in the appallingly complex bureaucracy that was built to house the various and disparate players in the Irish peace process. In Summit, John Major is seen holding a flag that is a picture frame with framework written on it. Beneath him lies an enormous pile of rubble, contained within it are slabs of concrete, gravestones, and crosses, some of which have written on them such things as Ulster says no, Sunning Dale, Direct Rule, Maryfield, Blueprint for Stability and other things. John Major himself looks sheepish and confused on the top of the Summit. Thus, Martyn Turner, in that sc hool of caricature, abandons the notion of getting humour from denigrating a specific class of people, whether that be the Irish or the British, and turns his eyes onto the whole political system. It is ironic that, in many ways, this is also how many of the politicians chose to reconcile their differences. Political players such as Ian Paisley, Gerry Adams, John Major, Tony Blair and John Hume are all lambasted or praised (occasionally) with equally cutting satire, and the result is that the traditional stereotypes of Irish and British prejudice are undermined for a political system that appears to the outsider as inherently ridiculous. Turners work is also much more topical in nature, often commenting on the news that had happened very recently. Fitzgerald suggests that: Topicality was [] a value that mass artists held dear. By topicality is meant the attempt to create an art that comments on the events of the day and on the times. In general, twentieth century art is more topical than that of the mid-nineteenth. Newer printing techniques which came into common usage in the late nineteenth century made the mass circulation daily press possible. Thus, cartoon was forced to be ever fresh and the news truly new, and as both grew more topical, cartooning in particular became a mass medium. Turners topicality uses the characters and the celebrities available at the time to provoke political subversion. His employment as a regular cartoonist for the Irish Times, coupled with his British background, combines to produce a satire of the political system that is neither unbiased or steeped in the traditions of generalisation. In a cartoon in Pack up Your Troubles, he depicts the stalemate by using an actual chessboard. Gerry Adams sits at one side of the table, and in a series of six frames, refuses to make a move. He continually says Your move!, as an arm stretches out holding pawns with peace forum, security changes, fund raising and talks before decommissioning written on them. Thus, Turner comically attacks Gerry Adams and his inability to negotiate with anybody at all. The overall effect is that, in many respects, the sociological and religious ramifications of the events are subverted, instead for a vision of a political system full of comedic personalities. By highlighting the hypocrisies and the idiosyncrasies of the peace process, Turner essentially subverts and shifts his political persuasions away from the people, thus ensuring that his cartoons dont merely serve as humorous propaganda, but instead lambaste the entire system of politics. The same obsession with the bureaucracy of the peace process could be said of many cartoonists in the 1990s. In essence, the peace process itself becomes the target, and the cartoons themselves become much more benign as a result. For instance, in Untitled, by Brookes, printed in The Times on 8 September 1994, there is a picture of George Bush, Gerry Adams and John Hume throttling a puppet of John Major. This was following the American decision to grant Gerry Adams an American passport, which, for a brief time threatened to sour Anglo-American relations. Major here is the central target for the cartoonists assault. Also, in The Ides of March, printed in the Daily Telegraph on 16 March 1995, the relationship between Bill Clinton and John Major is seen as the slaying of Brutus in Julius Caesar. In his hands, John Major holds a paper documenting the U.S., U.K. special relationship. Clinton ushers off Gerry Adams. The overall effect is that, by attacking the peace process itself, the effect of the satire is shifted, and thus becomes less pointed and less likely to incite hatred or resentment. Specifically, The Ides of March was printed in the Daily Telegraph, a right-wing publication. The playful, allegorical nature of the cartoon in many ways undermines the ideology of the newspaper, being fervently conservative. The past is still commented upon, but the caricatures represented are those of politicians rather than demographic, sociological or racial groups, and thus seem less inclined to promoting resentment and bitterness. The bestial stereotype of the Irishman is removed, and is instead represented by comedic characters such as Ian Paisley and Gerry Adams, who are also placed next to comedic caricatures of Tony Blair and Bill Clinton. Conclusion Overall, the history of cartooning and caricature is peppered with interpretations of the Irish that provide the cartoonist with an easy route toward depicting stupidity and ridicule for use in generating humour for their cartoons. And, although the past 400 years or so has been laced with this notion of the Irishman as stupid, since the Victorian age, especially in the deeply racist and derogatory cartoons printed in Punch magazine, as well as other magazines, the simian stereotype really began to emerge as the prevalent image of representation for the Irish working-class dissident. Arguably, this was as a result of mass immigration in the 19th century, and the influx of diseased and poor Irishmen and women naturally provided an easy target for middle-class bile. But also, there was a perceived British threat to National security. The protestant invasion of Ireland in 1690 by William of Orange, has obviously had political ramifications in Ireland and has led to the impossibly difficult political situation that reached a head with the violence among working-class communities in Ireland, based on protestant and catholic fronts. The simian representation of the Irishman is generally seen to represent the Irishmans perceived liking of bloodshed and war, and indeed, there is a definite correlation between the working-class catholic Irishmans desire for self-rule, as portrayed by the I.R.A., and other more moderate catholic organisations, and the proportion of bestial caricatures drawn of him. The 1970s, a time of political upheaval that eventually culminated in the British atrocity of Bloody Sunday, in which thirteen catholic protesters were shot dead by British troops, saw a distinct return to these series of stereotypes, in which Irishmen were largely seen as either primitive, bestial or bloodthirsty, and were often depicted carrying knives and saws and other sharp and primitive weapons. In a particularly controversial cartoon printed in the Evening Standard, The Irish are portrayed universally as bloodthirsty criminals, hell-bent on causing as much destruction and mayhem as possible. They are unanimously portrayed as being monstrous, unholy, and are framed within the context of a horror movie poster. An Englishman looks at the poster in bewilderment. This provides an ideal example of the ways in which the Irish stereotype re-emerged in cartoons and caricature in the 1970s as a result of the seemingly inexplicable conflicts that had broken out in Ireland as a result of hundreds of years of British rule. Cummings in his cartoons for the Daily Express also harboured a similar, albeit a much less extreme view of racial stereotyping, portraying the oft held opinion that the Irish were stupid, and that the war in which they were embroiled in made no sense, and must therefore be innately linked to their genetic inclination to wage war. This view harkens back to the Victorian times, where a view of scientific racism was upheld, genetically equating the Irishmen to the Negro in a portrait shown in Harpers magazine. This example demonstrates how colonialist attitudes were extended to Ireland during the time of the British occupation, and of how the British, by asserting themselves as superior to the Irish on grounds of genetics and intelligence, managed to quell or at the very least demonise the militant grass roots factions seeking to gain self-rule. The cartoons in the 1970s however, encountered difficulties when the Bloody Sunday massacre implicated British troops in the massacre. The attack of Reginald Maudling, who essentially denied that British Troops acted irresponsibly and barbarically during Bloody Sunday, by Bernadette Devlin, provided Cummings with material with which to reduce Devlin, who was previously regarded in very high esteem as a politician, to this barbaric caricature, so prevalent in Irish cartoons. She is reduced to the status of a petulant child, as she is dragged off by two larger men. Thus, it could be argued that the politicisation of the Irish is the most harmful thing, especially when it is linked with the passion and the anger that catholics (and, to a lesser extent, protestant) must feel. This widespread denial that the Irish problems stretch into British territory, and that the Irish are innately stupid, and cannot look after themselves, reaches into a deep insecurity regarding the British psyche. This is not to say, however, that the cartoonists of the period were exclusively racist. Gerald Scarfe attempts to implicate the British into the affairs and, with a series of extremely wordy and complex cartoons, as well as simple ones that dont necessarily try to be humorous in tone, but simply try to capture the desperate state of affairs in which Anglo-Irish politics was subsumed at the time. Scarfe attempts to explain the other side of the conflict, namely, that the British are more to blame for Irish suffering than the Irish themselves are. The Irish reaction to Bloody Sunday in cartoons was that of widespread cynicism, and this cynicism tended to divide cartoonists over the Irish / British border. The 1990s saw a resurgence in the Irish problem, which this time was linked to the instigation and the formulation of the peace-process a logistical exercise that required the co-operation of a great swathe of political bodies of varying extremity. The characters that were pushed to the forefront in these representations were Ian Paisley, Gerry Adams, and John Major. In them, John Major is effectively seen as an unfortunate, bumbling fool, forced into negotiations with these political extremists. However, what is notably different in the cartoons from those from the 1970s is that here, the cartoons and caricatures only extend so far as to explaining and / or satirising the peace process. Martyn Turner especially concentrates on the logistical and bureaucratic nightmare. In one picture, he juxtaposes John Hume onto the Sisyphus myth, where he spends his life pushing a giant stone ball up a hill, only for the ball to fall down the hill again once it reaches the summit. Hume pushes this ball, labelled peace up to a giant castle door, whereupon John Major says sorry, were having a peace meeting. Thus, it is the bureaucracy, rather than the actual population that are mocked and derogated by Turner and many other political cartoonists of the 1990s who chose to focus intently on the political problems of instigating the peace process and, perhaps the seemingly labyrinthine and Kafkaesque mechanisms of the peace-process was what eventually caused the peace process to eventually work, by enabling cartoonists to see the whole process, regardless of political persuasion, as equally absurd. Essentially, the cartoonists of the 1990s succeeded in making a mockery of the entire political process, rather than knocking specific groups and classes of people. The influence of cartoons on the publics imagination and on whether their opinions hold any sway in negotiating public affairs is dubious, and almost impossible to measure or define accurately. However, it is nearly certain that cartoonists in the popular media do have some impact, however negligible on public opinion and suchlike. The difficulties with responsible art lies in the innate need for cartoonists to simplify their arguments and / or persuasions in order to get a singular, satirical message across: the art of the political cartoonist will always be in perceiving flaws. Curtis Jr., suggests that: Caricature is a parasitic art. In a perfect world it would perish. Indeed, the complexities of the political situations in Ireland have led to some colourful, some inspired and some deeply disturbing images of a society firstly at war, then trying to grasp peace. Whether there is harm in portraying the Irishman as monstrous depends entirely on how highly you happen to regard cartoons as a tool for shaping influence and opinion. The Irish, as an example of the most chillingly extreme version of racial bigotry in cartoons, certainly couldnt have helped Anglo-Irish relations at a particularly sensitive time in its long, chequered history. Bibliography Coogan, T. P., The Troubles: Irelands Ordeal 1966-1996 and the Search for Peace, Revised ed., Arrow Books, London: 1996 Curtis Jr., L. P., Apes and Angels: The Irishman in Victorian Caricature, revised ed., Smithsonian Institution Press, London: 1997 Douglas, R., Harte, L. OHara, J., Drawing Conclusions: A Cartoon History of Anglo-Irish Relations, 1798-1998, The Blackstaff Press, Belfast: 1998 Fitzgerald, R., Art and Politics: Cartoonists of the Masses and Liberator, Greenwood Press, London: 1973 Hussey, G., Ireland Today: Anatomy of a Changing State, Penguin, London: 1993 Keogh, D., Twentieth Century Ireland: Nation and State, Gill Macmillan, Dublin: 1994 OConnor, G., Recognising and Healing Malignant Shame, from https://www.zonezero.com/magazine/essays/distant/zreco2.html. [Accessed 31 January, 2006] Turner, M., Pack Up Your Troubles: 25 Years of Northern Ireland Cartoons, Blackstaff Press, Belfast: 1995 Turner, M., Railings: Political Cartoons 1998-2000, Blackstaff Press, Belfas t: 2000 Wallach, H., The Fenian-Past, from https://projects.vassar.edu/punch/lockwood2.html [accessed 27th February 2006] Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin [accessed 27th Feb 2006]